Synthesis of enone intermediate

ABSTRACT

The tetracycline class of antibiotics has played a major role in the treatment of infectious diseases for the past 50 years. However, the increased use of the tetracyclines in human and veterinary medicine has led to resistance among many organisms previously susceptible to tetracycline antibiotics. The recent development of a modular synthesis of tetracycline analogs through a chiral enone intermediate has allowed for the efficient synthesis of novel tetracycline analogs never prepared before. The present invention provides a more efficient route for preparing the enone intermediate.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of and claims priority under35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/043,742, filedMar. 9, 2011, which is a continuation of and claims priority under 35U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/833,628, filed Jul.9, 2010, which is a divisional of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C.§120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/870,772, filed Oct. 11,2007, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. provisionalpatent application Ser. No. 60/850,859, filed Oct. 11, 2006, and U.S.Ser. No. 60/915,506, filed May 2, 2007, each of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with U.S. government support under grant R01AI48825 and predoctoral fellowship 2004016101 awarded by the NationalInstitutes of Health and the National Science Foundation, respectively.The U.S. government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The tetracyclines are broad spectrum anti-microbial agents that arewidely used in human and veterinary medicine (Schappinger et al.,“Tetracyclines: Antibiotic Action, Uptake, and Resistance Mechanisms”Arch. Microbiol. 165:359-69, 1996; Mitscher, Medicinal Research Series,Vol. 9, The Chemistry of the Tetracycline Antibiotics, Marcel DekkerInc. New York, 1978). The total production of tetracyclines byfermentation or semi-synthesis is measured in the thousands of metrictons per year. The first tetracycline, chlorotetracycline (1)(Aureomycin™) was isolated from the soil bacterium Streptomycesaureofaciens by Lederle Laboratories (Wyeth-Ayerst Research) in the 1945(Duggar, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51:177-181, 1948; Duggar, Aureomycin andPreparation of Some, U.S. Pat. No. 2,482,055, 1949; incorporated hereinby reference). Oxytetracycline (2) was isolated soon after from S.rimosus by scientists at Pfizer Laboratories (Finlay et al. Science111:85, 1950). The structures of chlorotetracycline and oxytetracyclinewere elucidated by scientists at Pfizer in collaboration with R. B.Woodward and co-workers at Harvard University (Hochstein et al. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 74:3708-3709, 1952; Hochstein et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc.75:5455-75, 1953; Stephens et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 74:4976-77, 1952;Stephens et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76:3568-75, 1954). Tetracycline (3)was later prepared by the hydrogenolysis of chlorotetracycline and wasfound to retain the anti-microbial activity of chlorotetracycline andoxytetracycline and had increased stability (Boothe et al. J. Am. Chem.Soc. 75:4621, 1953; Conover et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75:4622-23, 1953).Tetracycline was later found to be a natural product of S. aureofaciens,S. viridofaciens, and S. rimosus.

The primary tetracyclines of clinical importance today includetetracycline (3) (Boothe et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75:4621, 1953),oxytetracycline (2, Terramycin™) (Finlay et al. Science 111:85, 1950),(−)-doxycycline (Stephens et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2643, 1963),(−)-minocycline (Martell et al. J. Med. Chem. 10:44, 1967; Martell etal. J. Med. Chem. 10:359, 1967), and tigecycline. The tetracyclinesexert their anti-microbial activity by inhibition of bacterial proteinsynthesis (Bentley and O'Hanlon, Eds., Anti-Infectives: Recent Advancesin Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationships The Royal Society ofChemistry: Cambridge, UK, 1997). Most tetracyclines are bacteriostaticrather than bactericidal (Rasmussen et al. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.35:2306-11, 1991; Primrose and Wardlaw, Ed. “The Bacteriostatic andBacteriocidal Action of Antibiotics” Sourcebook of Experiments for theTeaching of Microbiology Society for General Microbiology, AcademicPress Ltd., London, 1982). It has been proposed that after tetracyclinepasses through the cytoplasmic membrane of a bacterium it chelates Mg⁺²,and this tetracycline-Mg⁺² complex binds the 30S subunit of thebacterial ribosome (Goldman et al. Biochemistry 22:359-368, 1983).Binding of the complex to the ribosome inhibits the binding ofaminoacyl-tRNAs, resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis (Wissmannet al. Forum Mikrobiol. 292-99, 1998; Epe et al. EMBO J. 3:121-26,1984). Tetracyclines have also been found to bind to the 40S subunit ofeukaryotic ribosome; however, they do not achieve sufficientconcentrations in eukaryotic cells to affect protein synthesis becausethey are not actively transported in eukaryotic cells (Epe et al. FEBSLett. 213:443-47, 1987).

Structure-activity relationships for the tetracycline antibiotics havebeen determined empirically from 50 years of semi-synthetic modificationof the parent structure (Sum et al. Curr. Pharm. Design 4:119-32, 1998).Permutations of the upper left-hand portion of the natural product, alsoknown as the hydrophobic domain, have provided new therapeuticallyactive agents, while modifications of the polar hydrophobic domainresult in a loss of activity. However, semi-synthesis by its very naturehas limited the number of tetracycline analogs that can be prepared andstudied.

The tetracyclines are composed of four linearly fused six-membered ringswith a high density of polar functionality and stereochemicalcomplexity. Previous approaches to the synthesis of tetracyclinestypically proceeded via a stepwise assembly of the tetracyclic ringsystem. In 1962, Woodward and co-workers reported the first totalsynthesis of racemic 6-desmethyl-6-deoxytetracycline (sancycline, 4),the simplest biologically active tetracycline (Conover et al. J. Am.Chem. Soc. 84:3222-24, 1962). The synthetic route was a remarkableachievement for the time and proceeded by the stepwise construction ofthe rings in a linear sequence of 22 steps (overall yield ˜0.003%). Thefirst enantioselective synthesis of (−)-tetracycline (3) from the A-ringprecursor D-glucosamine (34 steps, 0.002% overall yield) was reported byTatsuda and co-workers in 2000 (Tatsuta et al. Chem. Lett. 646-47,2000). Other approaches to the synthesis of tetracycline antibiotics,which have also proceeded by the stepwise assembly of the ABCD ringsystem beginning with D or CD precursors, include the Shemyakinsynthesis of (±)-12a-deoxy-5a,6-anhydrotetracycline (Gurevich et al.Tetrahedron Lett. 8:131, 1967; incorporated herein by reference) and theMuxfeldt synthesis of (±)-5-oxytetracycline (terramycin, 22 steps, 0.06%yield) (Muxfeldt et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101:689, 1979; incorporatedherein by reference). Due to the length and poor efficiency of the fewexisting routes to tetracyclines, which were never designed forsynthetic variability, synthesis of tetracycline analogs is stilllimited.

More recently, a novel convergent synthetic route to tetracyclines andvarious analogs, including pentacycline and heterocycle-containingtetracyclines, has been developed by Myers and co-workers. See US2005/0282787, published Dec. 22, 2005; incorporated herein by reference;and Charest et al., Science, 308:395-398, 15 Apr. 2005; Charest et al.,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:8292-93, 2005. This new route procceds through thehighly functionalized chiral enone intermediate (5) which is preparedstarting from benzoic acid in ten steps (11% yield, >95% ee) (Charest etal., Science 308:395-398, Apr. 15, 2005; Charest et al., J. Am. Chem.Soc. 127:8292-8293, 2005; Myers et al., Org. Lett. 3(18):2923-26, 2001).

Several approaches were developed to react the enone 5 with a toluate(6), benzylic halide, or benzocyclobutenol (8) to form the tetracyclinecore ring system. The first approach involves the reaction of the enonewith an anion formed by the deprotonation of a toluate (6) ormetallation of a benzylic halide as shown below.

A second approach involves reacting the enone in a Diels-Alder-typereaction with a diene (7) or a benzocyclobutenol (8).

In these approaches, the chiral enone provides the functionalized A andB rings of the tetracycline core, and the D-ring is derived from thetoluate (6), benzylic halide, or benzocyclobutenol (8). In bringing thetwo portions of the tetracycline core together the C-ring is formed,preferably in a stereoselective manner. These new synthetic approachesto tetracycline analogs not only allow for the stereoselective andefficient synthesis of a wide variety of tetracycline analogs neverbefore prepared, but they also allow for preparation of tetracyclineanalogs in which the D-ring is replaced with a heterocycle, 5-memberedring, or other ring systems. The new methodologies also allow for theprepartion of various pentacyclines or higher cyclines containingaromatic and non-aromatic carbocycles and heterocycles. See U.S. patentapplication, US2005/0282782, published Dec. 1, 2005; PCT Application WO05/112985, published Dec. 1, 2005; and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 60/790,413, filed Apr. 7, 2006; each of which isincorporated herein by reference.

Although the above approaches to tetracycline analogs are much moreefficient than earlier approaches and allow for synthetic variability,there remains a need for improving the efficiency of this new route totetracycline analogs. Specifically, any improvements in the multi-stepsynthesis of the chiral enone would siginificantly improve the overallefficiency of the synthesis of tetracycline analogs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel synthetic approach to thefunctionalized chiral enone (9) useful in the synthesis of tetracyclineanalogs.

One exemplary synthesis of an enone of formula 9 is shown below. Thesynthesis begins with aldehyde 10 and in eight steps yields enone 18.Aldehyde 10 is coupled with a vinyl reagent to yield a mixture ofenantiomers of the corresponding alcohol. Chiral resolution using amanolipase followed by substitution yields compound 13, which issubsequently metalated and reacted with 3-methoxyfurfural. In certainembodiments, rather than a chiral resolution of the racemate, theallylic alcohol is prepared by enantioselective addition of the vinylgroup to the aldehyde 10. Intramolecular cyclization of 14 yields thebridged tricycle 15. The unprotected secondary hydroxyl group is thenoxidized to the corresponding tricyclic ketone (16). Demethylation of 16followed by rearrangement yields the enone 17, the free hydroxyl ofwhich may be optionally protected to yield enone 18.

As would be appreciated by one of skill in the art, varioussubstitutions, derivatives, and modifications of the starting materials,intermediates, reagents, and synthetic methodology may be used toprepare enone 17 or derivatives thereof, enone 18 or derivativesthereof, or any other enone of formula 9 without departing from thepresent invention.

For example, in certain embodiments, the coupling of the isoxazole to3-methyoxyfurfural to prepare compound 14 may be achieved by ametal-halogen exhange reaction, rather than low-temperature metalation,using a derivative of 13 of the formula:

wherein X is a halgoen (e.g., iodine or bromine). Bromination of theisoxazole ring to give the brominated aldhyde followed byenantioselective addition of a vinyl moiety using divinyl zinc is shownin the scheme below:

The present invention includes individual steps (e.g., reduction,protection, de-protection, chiral resolution, metalation, rearrangment,de-methylation, etc.) in the synthesis of an enone of formula 9 as wellas any combination of steps in the synthetic scheme. The inventivesynthesis allows for the production of multi-gram quantitities of thefinal product. In certain embodiments, the synthesis may provide atleast 50 g of the desired enone.

In another aspect, the invention provides various useful intermediatesin the synthetic scheme leading to enones of the formula 18.Particularly useful intermediates include compounds of the formula:

or salts, stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, orprotected or unprotected forms of the intermediates. The variousintermediates with chiral centers are provided in enantiomeric ordiasteroemeric pure form or are provided as a mixture of stereoisomers.

The present invention also provides the synthesis of tetracycline anlogsusing the synthetic methodology for preparing the enone (9), describedherein. In certain embodiments, a chiral enone (9) prepared by themethodology described herein is used in combination with themethodologies described in US 2005/0292787, which is incorporated hereinby reference, to prepare a tetracycline analog. In certain embodiments,the inventive synthesis of the enone intermediate is used to synthesizeany compound described in U.S. patent application, US2005/0282787,published Dec. 22, 2005; international PCT application, WO 05/112945,published Dec. 1, 2005; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No.60/790,413, filed Apr. 7, 2006; or international PCT application,US07/66253, filed Apr. 6, 2007; each of which is incorporated herein byreference. The inventive methods and intermediates may also be used toprepare tetratcyclines or tetracycline analogs known in the art (e.g.,doxycycline, sancycline, minocycline, tigecycline, tetracycline, etc.).The new synthetic approach to the enone intermediate is particularlyuseful in preparing 6-deoxytetracyclines. The new synthetic methodologyand intermediates are also useful in preparing 6-hydroxytetracyclines,pentacyclines, hexacyclines, C5-substituted tetracyclines,C5-unsubstituted tetracyclines, tetracyclines with heterocyclic D-rings,and other tetracycline analogs. As would be appreciated by one of skillin this art, the new synthesis of enone (9) is also useful in preparingother organic compounds which may or may not be related totetracyclines.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides several basic approachesto the synthesis of tetracycline analogs using the synthesis describedherein for preparing the enone intermediate. The first approach topreparing tetracycline analogs involves reaction of the enone with ananion formed by the deprotonation of a toluate or metalation of abenzylic halide. The deprotonation of a toluate is particularly usefulin preparing 6-deoxytetracyclines with or without a C5-substituent. Themetalation (e.g., metal-halogen exchange (e.g., lithium-halogenexchange), metal-metalloid exchange (e.g., lithium-metalloid exchange))is particularly useful in preparing 6-deoxytetracyclines with or withouta C5-substituent as well as pentacyclines. The second approach topreparing tetracycline analogs involves reacting the enone intermediate,as prepared by the inventive methodology, in a Diels-Alder-type reactionwith a diene or a benzocyclobutenol. In both of these approaches, thechiral enone provides the functionalized A and B rings of thetetracycline core, and the D-ring is derived from the toluate, benzylichalide, or benzocyclobutenol. In bringing these two portions of themolecule together the C-ring is formed. In certain embodiments, theC-ring is formed in a stereoselective manner. These approaches not onlyallow for the stereoselective and efficient synthesis of a wide varietyof tetracycline analogs, but they also allow for the efficientpreparation of tetracycline analogs in which the D-ring is replaced witha heterocycle, 5-membered ring, or other ring system. They also allowthe prepartion of various pentacyclines or higher cyclines containingaromatic and non-aromatic carbocycles and heterocycles. These approachesalso allow for the preparation of various tricyclines.

In certain embodiments, the inventive intermediates (e.g., enone,derivatives of enone, dicyclines) have biological activity. For example,an intermediate may possess anti-microbial or anti-proliferativeactivity. In another aspect, the present invention provides methods oftreatment and pharmaceutical compositions including the novel compoundsof the present invention. The pharmaceutical compositions may optionallyinclude a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. The methods andpharmaceutical compositions may be used to treat any infection includingcholera, influenza, bronchitis, acne, malaria, urinary tract infections,sexually transmitted diseases including syphilis and gonorrhea,Legionnaires' disease, Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Qfever, typhus, bubonic plague, gas gangrene, hospital acquiredinfections, leptospirosis, whooping cough, and anthrax. In certainembodiments, the infections are caused by tetracycline-resistantorganisms. In certain instances, the compounds of the invention exhibitanti-neoplastic or anti-proliferative activity, in which case thecompounds may be useful in the treatment of diseases such as cancer,autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and diabetic retinopathy.The methods and compositions may be used to treat disease in humans andother animals including domesticated animals. Any mode of administrationincluding oral and parenteral administration of a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an inventive compound may be used.

Given the versatility and efficiency of the synthesis of tetracyclineanalogs using the enone (9) as an intermediate, the present inventionrepresents an improvement in the overall synthetic approach totetracycline analogs. The present invention allows for the preparationof tetracycline analogs in higher yields than previously attainable. Thenew synthetic approach to the enone intermediate also makes thesynthesis of tetracycline analogs more amenable to large-scaleproduction given its improved overall yield.

DEFINITIONS

Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms aredescribed in more detail below. For purposes of this invention, thechemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Tableof the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75^(th)Ed., a inside cover, and specific functional groups are generallydefined as described therein. Additionally, general principles oforganic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties andreactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell,University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999, the entire contents of whichare incorporated herein by reference.

Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particulargeometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplatesall such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, E- and Z-isomers,R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, (−)- and(+)-isomers, racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, asfalling within the scope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbonatoms may be present in a substituent such as an aliphatic (e.g., alkyl)or heteroaliphatic group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof,are considered to be within this invention.

Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may beutilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, whereonly two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50:50, 60:40, 70:30,80:20, 90:10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, 99:1, or 100:0 isomer ratios areall contemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill inthe art will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplatedfor more complex isomer mixtures.

If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the presentinvention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or byderivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomericmixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the puredesired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basicfunctional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such ascarboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriateoptically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of thediastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization orchromatographic means known in the art, and subsequent recovery of thepure enantiomers.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the syntheticmethods, as described herein, utilize a variety of protecting groups. Bythe term “protecting group”, as used herein, it is meant that aparticular functional moiety, e.g., O, S, or N, is temporarily blockedso that a reaction can be carried out selectively at another reactivesite in a multifunctional compound. In preferred embodiments, aprotecting group reacts selectively in good yield to give a protectedsubstrate that is stable to the projected reactions; the protectinggroup should be selectively removable in good yield by readilyavailable, preferably non-toxic reagents that do not attack the otherfunctional groups; the protecting group forms an easily separablederivative (more preferably without the generation of new stereogeniccenters); and the protecting group has a minimum of additionalfunctionality to avoid further sites of reaction. As detailed herein,oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon protecting groups may be utilized.Hydroxyl protecting groups include methyl, methoxylmethyl (MOM),methylthiomethyl (MTM), t-butylthiomethyl,(phenyldimethylsilyl)methoxymethyl (SMOM), benzyloxymethyl (BOM),p-methoxybenzyloxymethyl (PMBM), (4-methoxyphenoxy)methyl (p-AOM),guaiacolmethyl (GUM), t-butoxymethyl, 4-pentenyloxymethyl (POM),siloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM), 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl,bis(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl (SEMOR),tetrahydropyranyl (THP), 3-bromotetrahydropyranyl,tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl(MTHP), 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl, 4-methoxytetrahydrothiopyranylS,S-dioxide, 1-[(2-chloro-4-methyl)phenyl]-4-methoxypiperidin-4-yl(CTMP), 1,4-dioxan-2-yl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-7,8,8-trimethyl-4,7-methanobenzofuran-2-yl,1-ethoxyethyl, 1-(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl,1-methyl-1-benzyloxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-benzyloxy-2-fluoroethyl,2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl,t-butyl, allyl, p-chlorophenyl, p-methoxyphenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl,benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl,p-nitrobenzyl, p-halobenzyl, 2,6-dichlorobenzyl, p-cyanobenzyl,p-phenylbenzyl, 2-picolyl, 4-picolyl, 3-methyl-2-picolyl N-oxido,diphenylmethyl, p,p′-dinitrobenzhydryl, 5-dibenzosuberyl,triphenylmethyl, α-naphthyldiphenylmethyl,p-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, di(p-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethyl,tri(p-methoxyphenyl)methyl, 4-(4′-bromophenacyloxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl,4,4′,4″-tris(4,5-dichlorophthalimidophenyl)methyl,4,4′,4″-tris(levulinoyloxyphenyl)methyl,4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxyphenyl)methyl,3-(imidazol-1-yl)bis(4′,4″-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl,1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1′-pyrenylmethyl, 9-anthryl,9-(9-phenyl)xanthenyl, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl,1,3-benzodithiolan-2-yl, benzisothiazolyl S,S-dioxido, trimethylsilyl(TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triisopropylsilyl (TIPS),dimethylisopropylsilyl (IPDMS), diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS),dimethylthexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), t-butyldiphenylsilyl(TBDPS), tribenzylsilyl, tri-p-xylylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,diphenylmethylsilyl (DPMS), t-butylmethoxyphenylsilyl (TBMPS), formate,benzoylformate, acetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate,trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, methoxyacetate,triphenylmethoxyacetate, phenoxyacetate, p-chlorophenoxyacetate,3-phenylpropionate, 4-oxopentanoate (levulinate),4,4-(ethylenedithio)pentanoate (levulinoyldithioacetal), pivaloate,adamantoate, crotonate, 4-methoxycrotonate, benzoate, p-phenylbenzoate,2,4,6-trimethylbenzoate (mesitoate), alkyl methyl carbonate,9-fluorenylmethyl carbonate (Fmoc), alkyl ethyl carbonate, alkyl2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (Troc), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbonate(TMSEC), 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl carbonate (Psec),2-(triphenylphosphonio) ethyl carbonate (Peoc), alkyl isobutylcarbonate, alkyl vinyl carbonate alkyl allyl carbonate, alkylp-nitrophenyl carbonate, alkyl benzyl carbonate, alkyl p-methoxybenzylcarbonate, alkyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl carbonate, alkyl o-nitrobenzylcarbonate, alkyl p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, alkyl S-benzyl thiocarbonate,4-ethoxy-1-napththyl carbonate, methyl dithiocarbonate, 2-iodobenzoate,4-azidobutyrate, 4-nitro-4-methylpentanoate, o-(dibromomethyl)benzoate,2-formylbenzenesulfonate, 2-(methylthiomethoxy)ethyl,4-(methylthiomethoxy)butyrate, 2-(methylthiomethoxymethyl)benzoate,2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxyacetate,2,6-dichloro-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenoxyacetate,2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxyacetate, chlorodiphenylacetate,isobutyrate, monosuccinoate, (E)-2-methyl-2-butenoate,o-(methoxycarbonyl)benzoate, α-naphthoate, nitrate, alkylN,N,N′,N′-tetramethylphosphorodiamidate, alkyl N-phenylcarbamate,borate, dimethylphosphinothioyl, alkyl 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate,sulfate, methanesulfonate (mesylate), benzylsulfonate, and tosylate(Ts). For protecting 1,2- or 1,3-diols, the protecting groups includemethylene acetal, ethylidene acetal, 1-t-butylethylidene ketal,1-phenylethylidene ketal, (4-methoxyphenyl)ethylidene acetal,2,2,2-trichloroethylidene acetal, acetonide, cyclopentylidene ketal,cyclohexylidene ketal, cycloheptylidene ketal, benzylidene acetal,p-methoxybenzylidene acetal, 2,4-dimethoxybenzylidene ketal,3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene acetal, 2-nitrobenzylidene acetal,methoxymethylene acetal, ethoxymethylene acetal, dimethoxymethyleneortho ester, 1-methoxyethylidene ortho ester, 1-ethoxyethylidine orthoester, 1,2-dimethoxyethylidene ortho ester, α-methoxybenzylidene orthoester, 1-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylidene derivative,α-(N,N′-dimethylamino)benzylidene derivative, 2-oxacyclopentylideneortho ester, di-t-butylsilylene group (DTBS),1,3-(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxanylidene) derivative (TIPDS),tetra-t-butoxydisiloxane-1,3-diylidene derivative (TBDS), cycliccarbonates, cyclic boronates, ethyl boronate, and phenyl boronate.Amino-protecting groups include methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamante,9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (Fmoc), 9-(2-sulfo)fluorenylmethylcarbamate, 9-(2,7-dibromo)fluoroenylmethyl carbamate,2,7-di-t-butyl-[9-(10,10-dioxo-10,10,10,10-tetrahydrothioxanthyl)]methylcarbamate (DBD-Tmoc), 4-methoxyphenacyl carbamate (Phenoc),2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (Troc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate(Teoc), 2-phenylethyl carbamate (hZ), 1-(1-adamantyl)-1-methylethylcarbamate (Adpoc), 1,1-dimethyl-2-haloethyl carbamate,1,1-dimethyl-2,2-dibromoethyl carbamate (DB-t-BOC),1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate (TCBOC),1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate (Bpoc),1-(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)-1-methylethyl carbamate (t-Bumeoc), 2-(2′- and4′-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate (Pyoc), 2-(N,N-dicyclohexylcarboxamido)ethylcarbamate, t-butyl carbamate (BOC), 1-adamantyl carbamate (Adoc), vinylcarbamate (Voc), allyl carbamate (Alloc), 1-isopropylallyl carbamate(Ipaoc), cinnamyl carbamate (Coc), 4-nitrocinnamyl carbamate (Noc),8-quinolyl carbamate, N-hydroxypiperidinyl carbamate, alkyldithiocarbamate, benzyl carbamate (Cbz), p-methoxybenzyl carbamate (Moz),p-nitobenzyl carbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzylcarbamate, 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate, 4-methylsulfinylbenzylcarbamate (Msz), 9-anthrylmethyl carbamate, diphenylmethyl carbamate,2-methylthioethyl carbamate, 2-methylsulfonylethyl carbamate,2-(p-toluenesulfonyl)ethyl carbamate, [2-(1,3-dithianyl)]methylcarbamate (Dmoc), 4-methylthiophenyl carbamate (Mtpc),2,4-dimethylthiophenyl carbamate (Bmpc), 2-phosphonioethyl carbamate(Peoc), 2-triphenylphosphonioisopropyl carbamate (Ppoc),1,1-dimethyl-2-cyanoethyl carbamate, m-chloro-p-acyloxybenzyl carbamate,p-(dihydroxyboryl)benzyl carbamate, 5-benzisoxazolylmethyl carbamate,2-(trifluoromethyl)-6-chromonylmethyl carbamate (Tcroc), m-nitrophenylcarbamate, 3,5-dimethoxybenzyl carbamate, o-nitrobenzyl carbamate,3,4-dimethoxy-6-nitrobenzyl carbamate, phenyl(o-nitrophenyl)methylcarbamate, phenothiazinyl-(10)-carbonyl derivative,N′-p-toluenesulfonylaminocarbonyl derivative, N′-phenylaminothiocarbonylderivative, t-amyl carbamate, S-benzyl thiocarbamate, p-cyanobenzylcarbamate, cyclobutyl carbamate, cyclohexyl carbamate, cyclopentylcarbamate, cyclopropylmethyl carbamate, p-decyloxybenzyl carbamate,2,2-dimethoxycarbonylvinyl carbamate, o-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)benzylcarbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-3-(N,N-dimethylcarboxamido)propyl carbamate,1,1-dimethylpropynyl carbamate, di(2-pyridyl)methyl carbamate,2-furanylmethyl carbamate, 2-iodoethyl carbamate, isoborynl carbamate,isobutyl carbamate, isonicotinyl carbamate,p-(p′-methoxyphenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 1-methylcyclobutyl carbamate,1-methylcyclohexyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-cyclopropylmethyl carbamate,1-methyl-1-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl carbamate,1-methyl-1-(p-phenylazophenyl)ethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-phenylethylcarbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-pyridyl)ethyl carbamate, phenyl carbamate,p-(phenylazo)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenyl carbamate,4-(trimethylammonium)benzyl carbamate, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzyl carbamate,formamide, acetamide, chloroacetamide, trichloroacetamide,trifluoroacetamide, phenylacetamide, 3-phenylpropanamide, picolinamide,3-pyridylcarboxamide, N-benzoylphenylalanyl derivative, benzamide,p-phenylbenzamide, o-nitophenylacetamide, o-nitrophenoxyacetamide,acetoacetamide, (N′-dithiobenzyloxycarbonylamino)acetamide,3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide, 3-(o-nitrophenyl)propanamide,2-methyl-2-(o-nitrophenoxy)propanamide,2-methyl-2-(o-phenylazophenoxy)propanamide, 4-chlorobutanamide,3-methyl-3-nitrobutanamide, o-nitrocinnamide, N-acetylmethioninederivative, o-nitrobenzamide, o-(benzoyloxymethyl)benzamide,4,5-diphenyl-3-oxazolin-2-one, N-phthalimide, N-dithiasuccinimide (Dts),N-2,3-diphenylmaleimide, N-2,5-dimethylpyrrole,N-1,1,4,4-tetramethyldisilylazacyclopentane adduct (STABASE),5-substituted 1,3-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 5-substituted1,3-dibenzyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexan-2-one, 1-substituted3,5-dinitro-4-pyridone, N-methylamine, N-allylamine,N-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methylamine (SEM), N-3-acetoxypropylamine,N-(1-isopropyl-4-nitro-2-oxo-3-pyroolin-3-yl)amine, quaternary ammoniumsalts, N-benzylamine, N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)methylamine,N-5-dibenzosuberylamine, N-triphenylmethylamine (Tr),N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)diphenylmethyl]amine (MMTr),N-9-phenylfluorenylamine (PhF),N-2,7-dichloro-9-fluorenylmethyleneamine, N-ferrocenylmethylamino (Fcm),N-2-picolylamino N′-oxide, N-1,1-dimethylthiomethyleneamine,N-benzylideneamine, N-p-methoxybenzylideneamine,N-diphenylmethyleneamine, N-[(2-pyridyl)mesityl]methyleneamine,N—(N′,N′-dimethylaminomethylene)amine, N,N′-isopropylidenediamine,N-p-nitrobenzylideneamine, N-salicylideneamine,N-5-chlorosalicylideneamine,N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)phenylmethyleneamine,N-cyclohexylideneamine, N-(5,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-cyclohexenyl)amine,N-borane derivative, N-diphenylborinic acid derivative,N-[phenyl(pentacarbonylchromium- or tungsten)carbonyl]amine, N-copperchelate, N-zinc chelate, N-nitroamine, N-nitrosoamine, amine N-oxide,diphenylphosphinamide (Dpp), dimethylthiophosphinamide (Mpt),diphenylthiophosphinamide (Ppt), dialkyl phosphoramidates, dibenzylphosphoramidate, diphenyl phosphoramidate, benzenesulfenamide,o-nitrobenzenesulfenamide (Nps), 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenamide,pentachlorobenzenesulfenamide, 2-nitro-4-methoxybenzenesulfenamide,triphenylmethylsulfenamide, 3-nitropyridinesulfenamide (Npys),p-toluenesulfonamide (Ts), benzenesulfonamide,2,3,6,-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtr),2,4,6-trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mtb),2,6-dimethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Pme),2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mte),4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (Mbs), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzenesulfonamide(Mts), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzenesulfonamide (iMds),2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonamide (Pmc), methanesulfonamide(Ms), O-trimethylsilylethanesulfonamide (SES), 9-anthracenesulfonamide,4-(4′,8′-dimethoxynaphthylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide (DNMBS),benzylsulfonamide, trifluoromethylsulfonamide, and phenacylsulfonamide.Exemplary protecting groups are detailed herein, however, it will beappreciated that the present invention is not intended to be limited tothese protecting groups; rather, a variety of additional equivalentprotecting groups can be readily identified using the above criteria andutilized in the method of the present invention. Additionally, a varietyof protecting groups are described in Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis, Third Ed. Greene, T. W. and Wuts, P. G., Eds., John Wiley &Sons, New York: 1999, the entire contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference.

It will be appreciated that the compounds, as described herein, may besubstituted with any number of substituents or functional moieties. Ingeneral, the term “substituted” whether preceded by the term“optionally” or not, and substituents contained in formulas of thisinvention, refer to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a givenstructure with the radical of a specified substituent. In certainembodiments, only one hydrogen radical in a given structure is replacedwith the radical of a specified substituent. In other other embodiments,one, two, or three hydrogen radicals in a given structure are replacedwith the same or different radicals of a specified substituent. Whenmore than one position in any given structure may be substituted withmore than one substituent selected from a specified group, thesubstituent may be either the same or different at every position. Asused herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include allpermissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, thepermissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched andunbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromaticsubstituents of organic compounds. For purposes of this invention,heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or anypermissible substituents of organic compounds described herein whichsatisfy the valencies of the heteroatoms. Furthermore, this invention isnot intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituentsof organic compounds. Combinations of substituents and variablesenvisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in theformation of stable compounds useful in the treatment, for example, ofinfectious diseases or proliferative disorders. The term “stable”, asused herein, preferably refers to compounds which possess stabilitysufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of thecompound for a sufficient period of time to be detected and preferablyfor a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailedherein.

The term “aliphatic”, as used herein, includes both saturated andunsaturated, straight chain (i.e., unbranched), branched, acyclic,cyclic, or polycyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons, which are optionallysubstituted with one or more functional groups. As will be appreciatedby one of ordinary skill in the art, “aliphatic” is intended herein toinclude, but is not limited to, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, and cycloalkynyl moieties. Thus, as used herein, the term“alkyl” includes straight, branched and cyclic alkyl groups. Ananalogous convention applies to other generic terms such as “alkenyl”,“alkynyl”, and the like. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “alkyl”,“alkenyl”, “alkynyl”, and the like encompass both substituted andunsubstituted groups. In certain embodiments, as used herein, “loweralkyl” is used to indicate those alkyl groups (cyclic, acyclic,substituted, unsubstituted, branched or unbranched) having 1-6 carbonatoms.

In certain embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employedin the invention contain 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. In certain otherembodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in theinvention contain 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments,the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, the alkyl,alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-6aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl,and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-4 carbon atoms.Illustrative aliphatic groups thus include, but are not limited to, forexample, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl,—CH₂-cyclopropyl, vinyl, allyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl,tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, —CH₂-cyclobutyl, n-pentyl, sec-pentyl,isopentyl, tert-pentyl, cyclopentyl, —CH₂-cyclopentyl, n-hexyl,sec-hexyl, cyclohexyl, —CH₂-cyclohexyl moieties and the like, whichagain, may bear one or more substituents. Alkenyl groups include, butare not limited to, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl,1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, and the like. Representative alkynyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, ethynyl, 2-propynyl (propargyl),1-propynyl, and the like.

The term “alkoxy”, or “thioalkyl” as used herein refers to an alkylgroup, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecule through anoxygen atom or through a sulfur atom. In certain embodiments, the alkyl,alkenyl, and alkynyl groups contain 1-20 alipahtic carbon atoms. Incertain other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groupscontain 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, thealkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups employed in the invention contain 1-8aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl,and alkynyl groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet otherembodiments, the alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups contain 1-4aliphatic carbon atoms. Examples of alkoxy, include but are not limitedto, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy,neopentoxy, and n-hexoxy. Examples of thioalkyl include, but are notlimited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio,n-butylthio, and the like.

The term “alkylamino” refers to a group having the structure —NHR′,wherein R′ is aliphatic, as defined herein. In certain embodiments, thealiphatic group contains 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. In certain otherembodiments, the aliphatic group contains 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms.In yet other embodiments, the aliphatic group employed in the inventioncontain 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, thealiphatic group contains 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet otherembodiments, the aliphatic group contains 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms.Examples of alkylamino groups include, but are not limited to,methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, iso-propylamino,cyclopropylamino, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, neopentylamino,n-pentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, and the like.

The term “dialkylamino” refers to a group having the structure —NRR′,wherein R and R′ are each an aliphatic group, as defined herein. R andR′ may be the same or different in an dialkyamino moiety. In certainembodiments, the aliphatic groups contains 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms.In certain other embodiments, the aliphatic groups contains 1-10aliphatic carbon atoms. In yet other embodiments, the aliphatic groupsemployed in the invention contain 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms. In stillother embodiments, the aliphatic groups contains 1-6 aliphatic carbonatoms. In yet other embodiments, the aliphatic groups contains 1-4aliphatic carbon atoms. Examples of dialkylamino groups include, but arenot limited to, dimethylamino, methyl ethylamino, diethylamino,methylpropylamino, di(n-propyl)amino, di(iso-propyl)amino,di(cyclopropyl)amino, di(n-butyl)amino, di(tert-butyl)amino,di(neopentyl)amino, di(n-pentyl)amino, di(hexyl)amino,di(cyclohexyl)amino, and the like. In certain embodiments, R and R′ arelinked to form a cyclic structure. The resulting cyclic structure may bearomatic or non-aromatic. Examples of cyclic diaminoalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limted to, aziridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, 1,3,4-trianolyl, and tetrazolyl.

Some examples of substituents of the above-described aliphatic (andother) moieties of compounds of the invention include, but are notlimited to aliphatic; heteroaliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl;heteroarylalkyl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy;alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; F; Cl; Br; I; —OH;—NO₂; —CN; —CF₃; —CH₂CF₃; —CHCl₂; —CH₂OH; —CH₂CH₂OH; —CH₂NH₂;—CH₂SO₂CH₃; —C(O)R_(x); —CO₂(R_(x)); —CON(R_(x))₂; —OC(O)R_(x);—OCO₂R_(x); —OCON(R_(x))₂; —N(R_(x))₂; —S(O)₂R_(x); —NR_(x)(CO)R_(x)wherein each occurrence of R_(x) independently includes, but is notlimited to, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl, wherein any of the aliphatic, heteroaliphatic,arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl substituents described above and hereinmay be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic oracyclic, and wherein any of the aryl or heteroaryl substituentsdescribed above and herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.Additional examples of generally applicable substituents are illustratedby the specific embodiments shown in the Examples that are describedherein.

In general, the terms “aryl” and “heteroaryl”, as used herein, refer tostable mono- or polycyclic, heterocyclic, polycyclic, andpolyheterocyclic unsaturated moieties having preferably 3-14 carbonatoms, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted. Substituentsinclude, but are not limited to, any of the previously mentionedsubstitutents, i.e., the substituents recited for aliphatic moieties, orfor other moieties as disclosed herein, resulting in the formation of astable compound. In certain embodiments of the present invention, “aryl”refers to a mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic ring system having one or twoaromatic rings including, but not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl,tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, and the like. In certainembodiments of the present invention, the term “heteroaryl”, as usedherein, refers to a cyclic aromatic radical having from five to ten ringatoms of which one ring atom is selected from S, O, and N; zero, one, ortwo ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently selected from S,O, and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, the radical beingjoined to the rest of the molecule via any of the ring atoms, such as,for example, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl,imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl,thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and the like.

It will be appreciated that aryl and heteroaryl groups can beunsubstituted or substituted, wherein substitution includes replacementof one, two, three, or more of the hydrogen atoms thereon independentlywith any one or more of the following moieties including, but notlimited to: aliphatic; heteroaliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl;heteroarylalkyl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy;alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I;—OH; —NO₂; —CN; —CF₃; —CH₂CF₃; —CHCl₂; —CH₂OH; —CH₂CH₂OH; —CH₂NH₂;—CH₂SO₂CH₃; —C(O)R_(x); —CO₂(R_(x)); —CON(R_(x))₂; —OC(O)R_(x);—OCO₂R_(x); —OCON(R_(x))₂; —N(R_(x))₂; —S(O)₂R_(x); —NR_(x)(CO)R_(x),wherein each occurrence of R_(x) independently includes, but is notlimited to, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl, wherein any of the aliphatic, heteroaliphatic,arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl substituents described above and hereinmay be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic oracyclic, and wherein any of the aryl or heteroaryl substituentsdescribed above and herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.Additional examples of generally applicable substitutents areillustrated by the specific embodiments shown in the Examples that aredescribed herein.

The term “cycloalkyl”, as used herein, refers specifically to groupshaving three to seven, preferably three to ten carbon atoms. Suitablecycloalkyls include, but are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and the like, which, as in the caseof other aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, or heterocyclic moieties, mayoptionally be substituted with substituents including, but not limitedto aliphatic; heteroaliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl;heteroarylalkyl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy;alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I;—OH; —NO₂; —CN; —CF₃; —CH₂CF₃; —CHCl₂; —CH₂OH; —CH₂CH₂OH; —CH₂NH₂;—CH₂SO₂CH₃; —C(O)R_(x); —CO₂(R_(x)); —CON(R_(x))₂; —OC(O)R_(x);—OCO₂R_(x); —OCON(R_(x))₂; —N(R_(x))₂; —S(O)₂R_(x); —NR_(x)(CO)R_(x),wherein each occurrence of R_(x) independently includes, but is notlimited to, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl, wherein any of the aliphatic, heteroaliphatic,arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl substituents described above and hereinmay be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic oracyclic, and wherein any of the aryl or heteroaryl substituentsdescribed above and herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.Additional examples of generally applicable substitutents areillustrated by the specific embodiments shown in the Examples that aredescribed herein.

The term “heteroaliphatic”, as used herein, refers to aliphatic moietiesthat contain one or more oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, orsilicon atoms, e.g., in place of carbon atoms. Heteroaliphatic moietiesmay be branched, unbranched, cyclic or acyclic and include saturated andunsaturated heterocycles such as morpholino, pyrrolidinyl, etc. Incertain embodiments, heteroaliphatic moieties are substituted byindependent replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms thereonwith one or more moieties including, but not limited to aliphatic;heteroaliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl; arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; alkoxy;aryloxy; heteroalkoxy; heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; —OH; —NO₂; —CN; —CF₃;—CH₂CF₃; —CHCl₂; —CH₂OH; —CH₂CH₂OH; —CH₂NH₂; —CH₂SO₂CH₃; —C(O)R_(x);—CO₂(R_(x)); —CON(R_(x))₂; —OC(O)R_(x); —OCO₂R_(x); —OCON(R_(x))₂;—N(R_(x))₂; —S(O)₂R_(x); —NR_(x)(CO)R_(x), wherein each occurrence ofR_(x) independently includes, but is not limited to, aliphatic,heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl,wherein any of the aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl substituents described above and herein may besubstituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic,and wherein any of the aryl or heteroaryl substituents described aboveand herein may be substituted or unsubstituted. Additional examples ofgenerally applicable substitutents are illustrated by the specificembodiments shown in the Examples that are described herein.

The terms “halo” and “halogen” as used herein refer to an atom selectedfrom fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term “haloalkyl” denotes an alkyl group, as defined above, havingone, two, or three halogen atoms attached thereto and is exemplified bysuch groups as chloromethyl, bromoethyl, trifluoromethyl, and the like.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” or “heterocycle”, as used herein, refers toa non-aromatic 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring or a polycyclic group,including, but not limited to a bi- or tri-cyclic group comprising fusedsix-membered rings having between one and three heteroatomsindependently selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen, wherein (i)each 5-membered ring has 0 to 1 double bonds and each 6-membered ringhas 0 to 2 double bonds, (ii) the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may beoptionally be oxidized, (iii) the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally bequaternized, and (iv) any of the above heterocyclic rings may be fusedto a benzene ring. Representative heterocycles include, but are notlimited to, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl,imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl,morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and tetrahydrofuryl. Incertain embodiments, a “substituted heterocycloalkyl or heterocycle”group is utilized and as used herein, refers to a heterocycloalkyl orheterocycle group, as defined above, substituted by the independentreplacement of one, two or three of the hydrogen atoms thereon with butare not limited to aliphatic; heteroaliphatic; aryl; heteroaryl;arylalkyl; heteroarylalkyl; alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroalkoxy;heteroaryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; heteroalkylthio; heteroarylthio; —F;—Cl; —Br; —I; OH; —NO₂; —CN; —CF₃; —CH₂CF₃; —CHCl₂; —CH₂OH; —CH₂CH₂OH;—CH₂NH₂; —CH₂SO₂CH₃; —C(O)R_(x); —CO₂(R_(x)); —CON(R_(x))₂; —OC(O)R_(x);—OCO₂R_(x); —OCON(R_(x))₂; —N(R_(x))₂; —S(O)₂R_(x); —NR_(x)(CO)R_(x),wherein each occurrence of R_(x) independently includes, but is notlimited to, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl, orheteroarylalkyl, wherein any of the aliphatic, heteroaliphatic,arylalkyl, or heteroarylalkyl substituents described above and hereinmay be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched, cyclic oracyclic, and wherein any of the aryl or heteroaryl substituentsdescribed above and herein may be substituted or unsubstituted.Additional examples of generally applicable substitutents areillustrated by the specific embodiments shown in the Examples which aredescribed herein.

“Carbocycle”: The term “carbocycle”, as used herein, refers to anaromatic or non-aromatic ring in which each atom of the ring is a carbonatom.

“Independently selected”: The term “independently selected” is usedherein to indicate that the R groups can be identical or different.

“Labeled”: As used herein, the term “labeled” is intended to mean that acompound has at least one element, isotope, or chemical compoundattached to enable the detection of the compound. In general, labelstypically fall into three classes: a) isotopic labels, which may beradioactive or heavy isotopes, including, but not limited to, ²H, ³H,³²P, ³⁵S, ⁶⁷Ga, ^(99m)Tc (Tc-99m), ¹¹¹In, ¹²³I, ¹²⁵I, ¹⁶⁹Yb, and ¹⁸⁶Re;b) immune labels, which may be antibodies or antigens, which may bebound to enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase) that producedetectable agents; and c) colored, luminescent, phosphorescent, orfluorescent dyes. It will be appreciated that the labels may beincorporated into the compound at any position that does not interferewith the biological activity or characteristic of the compound that isbeing detected. In certain embodiments, hydrogen atoms in the compoundare replaced with deuterium atoms (²H) to slow the degradation ofcompound in vivo. Due to isotope effects, enzymatic degradation of thedeuterated tetracyclines may be slowed thereby increasing the half-lifeof the compound in vivo. In certain embodiments of the invention,photoaffinity labeling is utilized for the direct elucidation ofintermolecular interactions in biological systems. A variety of knownphotophores can be employed, most relying on photoconversion of diazocompounds, azides, or diazirines to nitrenes or carbenes (see Bayley,H., Photogenerated Reagents in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology(1983), Elsevier, Amsterdam.), the entire contents of which are herebyincorporated by reference. In certain embodiments of the invention, thephotoaffinity labels employed are o-, m- and p-azidobenzoyls,substituted with one or more halogen moieties, including, but notlimited to 4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid.

“Tautomers”: As used herein, the term “tautomers” are particular isomersof a compound in which a hydrogen and double bond have changed positionwith respect to the other atoms of the molecule. For a pair of tautomersto exist there must be a mechanism for interconversion. Examples oftautomers include keto-enol forms, imine-enamine forms, amide-iminoalcohol forms, amidine-aminidine forms, nitroso-oxime forms, thioketone-enethiol forms, N-nitroso-hydroxyazo forms, nitro-aci-nitroforms, and pyridione-hydroxypyridine forms.

Definitions of non-chemical terms used throughout the specificationinclude:

“Animal”: The term animal, as used herein, refers to humans as well asnon-human animals, including, for example, mammals, birds, reptiles,amphibians, and fish. Any animal may be administered a tetracyclineanalog for the treatment of disease. Preferably, the non-human animal isa mammal (e.g., a rodent, a mouse, a rat, a rabbit, a monkey, a dog, acat, a primate, or a pig). A non-human animal may be a transgenicanimal. In certain embodiments, the animal is human.

“Associated with”: When two entities are “associated with” one anotheras described herein, they are linked by a direct or indirect covalent ornon-covalent interaction. Preferably, the association is covalent.Desirable non-covalent interactions include hydrogen bonding, van derWaals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, magnetic interactions,electrostatic interactions, etc.

“Effective amount”: In general, the “effective amount” of an activeagent or the microparticles refers to an amount sufficient to elicit thedesired biological response. As will be appreciated by those of ordinaryskill in this art, the effective amount of a compound of the inventionmay vary depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint,the pharmacokinetics of the compound, the disease being treated, themode of administration, and the patient. For example, the effectiveamount of a tetracycline analog antibiotic is the amount that results ina sufficient concentration at the site of the infection to kill themicroorganism causing the infection (bacteriocidal) or to inhibit thereproduction of such microorganisms (bacteriostatic). In anotherexample, the effective amount of tetracycline analog antibiotic is theamount sufficient to reverse clinicals signs and symptoms of theinfection, including fever, redness, warmth, pain, chills, cultures, andpus production.

“Tetracycline analog”: The term, “tetracycline analog,” as referred toherein refers to any compound prepared using the inventive methodology.Tetracycline analogs are typically compounds that can be prepared usingthe enone (9) as an intermediate in the synthesis. Tetracycline analogsinclude dicylines, tricyclines, tetracyclines, pentacyclines,hexacyclines, or higher. In certain embodiments, the ring system maycontain heterocycles. In certain embodiments, the ring system maycontain three-membered rings, four-membered rings, five-membered rings,six-membered rings, seven-membered rings, or higher. In certainembodiments, the tetracycline analogs is a 6-deoxytetracyline. In otherembodiments, the tetracycline analog is a 6-hydroxytetracycline. Inother embodiments, the tetracycline analog is a pentacycline. In otherembodiments, the tetracycline analog is a C5-substituted tetracycline.In yet other embodiments, the tetracycline analog is a C5-unsubstitutedtetracycline. In certain embodiments, the tetracycline analogs havebiological activity such as anti-microbial activity oranti-proliferative activity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary synthesis of a particular chiral enone usefulin the synthesis of tetracycline analogs.

FIG. 2 shows another exemplary synthesis of a chiral enone useful in thesynthesis of tetracycline analogs. The synthesis includes theenantioselective addition of a vinyl moiety to produce the chiralallylic alcohol 4 rather than resolution of a racemate. The synthesis isalso noteworthy for the use of boron trichloride at −40° C. in thering-opening step resulting in enone 1

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a synthetic strategy for the synthesis ofan intermediate useful in the synthesis of tetracycline analogs. Thehighly functionalized chiral enone 9 is as shown below:

wherein

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (takenwith R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C);—SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (takenwith R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D);—SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(E); —C(═O)R_(E);—CO₂R_(E); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(E); —SOR_(E); —SO₂R_(E); —NO₂; —N(R_(E))₂;—NHC(O)R_(E); or —C(R_(E))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, —OR_(F), —CN,—SCN, —SR_(E), alkylthio, arylthio, —NO₂, amino, —N(R_(F))₂, and—C(R_(F))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(F) is independently ahydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphaticmoiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy;aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

P is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or aprotecting group;

P′ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or aprotecting group; and salts, stereoisomers, tautomers, enantiomers,diastereomers, and derivatives thereof. The new route to this enone ismore efficient than previously reported routes. Therefore, this newstrategy is an improvement to the convergent synthesis of tetracyclineanalogs using this intermediate. The chiral enone 9 can be reacted withanions of phthalides, anions of toluates, benzocyclobutenole, or dienesto yield tetracycline analogs including heterocyclic tetracyclines,dicyclines, tricyclines, pentacyclines, heterocyclic pentacyclines,hexacyclines, heterocyclic hexacyclines, polycyclines, and heterocyclicpolycyclines.

Synthetic Methodology

The present invention provides all steps, methodologies, intermediates,and reagents useful in preparing the enone (9) along the syntheticroute. The present invention provides for use of this methodology in themodular synthesis of tetracycline analogs by joining the highlyfunctionalized chiral enone, which will become the A- and B-rings of thetetracycline core, with a molecule which will become the D-ring of thetetracycline core. The joining of these two intermediates results in theformation of the C-ring, preferably in an enantioselective manner. Thismethodology also allows for the synthesis of pentacyclines,hexacyclines, or higher ring systems as well as the incorporation ofheterocycles into the ring system. In particular, the joining of thesetwo fragments includes various nucleophilic addition reactions andcycloaddition reactions with enone (9) as described above and in U.S.patent application US2005/0282787, published Dec. 22, 2005.

The synthesis of enone (9) begins with the aldehyde (10). The aldehydemoiety is reduced by the addition of a vinyl moiety or substituted vinylmoiety. The addition of the vinyl moiety is accomplished with any vinylreagent. In certain emodiments, a metal vinyl reagent is used in thereaction. In certain embodiments, the metal vinyl reagent is of theformula:

wherein

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); —C(═O)R_(C);—CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C); —SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂;—NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(C) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); —C(═O)R_(D);—CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D); —SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂;—NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(D) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety; and

M is a metal-containing moiety (e.g., Zn, Cu, MgCl, MgBr, Li, Sn, etc.).In certain embodiments, M is MgBr. In other embodiments, M is MgCl. Inother embodiments, M is Li. In certain embodiments, M is Zn. In certainembodiments, M is Zn with a chiral ligand. In certain embodiments, R₃ ishydrogen. In certain embodiments, R₃ is fluorine. In certainembodiments, R₃ is C₁-C₆alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R₃ is protectedhydroxy. In other embodiments, R₃ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certainembodiments, R₄ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R₄ is fluorine. Incertain embodiments, R₄ is C₁-C₆alkoxy. In certain embodiments, R₄ isprotected hydroxy. In other embodiments, R₄ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certainembodiments, one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, both R₃and R₄ are hydrogen. In certain particular embodiments, both R₃ and R₄are hydrogen, and M is MgBr. In certain embodiments, the metal vinylreagent is divinyl zinc. In certain particular embodiments, the metalvinyl reagent is divinyl zinc with a chiral ligand.

In certain embodiments, the reduction step is stereoselective yieldingonly one or substantially one enantiomer. In certain embodiments, theenantioselective reaction results in an an enantiomeric excess (ee) ofat least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or at least 99%.In certain embodiments, the addition of the vinyl moiety is acidcatalyzed, for example, Lewis acid catalyzed. In certain particularembodiments, a Grignard reagent is used in the reaction. In otherembodiments, a vinyl lithium reagent is used in the reaction. In certainembodiments, a vinyl zinc reagent is used in the reaction. In certainembodiments, the reduction step is enantioselective by addition ofdivinyl zinc with a chiral ligand. In certain embodiments, the chiralligand used is an amino-alcohol ligand of formula.

wherein each occurrence of R is independently hydrogen; halogen; cyclicor acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranchedaliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched orunbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched orunbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranchedaryl; or substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranchedheteroaryl; and the two occurrences of R may optionally form aheterocyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, each occurrence of R ishydrogen or C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, each occurrence of R isC₁-C₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, the two occurrences of R for aheterocyclic moiety. In certain embodiments, both R are methyl. Incertain embodiments, NR₂ forms a pyrrolidine moiety. In certainembodiments, the two occurrences of R for a heteroaryl moiety. Incertain embodiments, the chiral ligand used is an amino-alcohol ligandof formula:

In certain embodiments, the aldehyde 10 is reduced by a metal reagentwith a moiety that is subsequently converted into a alkenyl group asshow in compound II. The alkenyl moiety may result from an eliminationreaction, reduction of an alkyne, deoxygenation of an epoxide,Wittig-type reaction, metathesis reaction, etc.

In the case of a non-stereospecific addition of the vinyl moiety, thetwo enantiomers produced may be separated. Any technique known in theart may be used to separate the enantiomers (e.g., crystallization,chiral chromatography, conversion to a diastereomer followed byconventional purification techniques, chiral resolution using an enzyme,chiral resolution via diastereomeric salt crystallization, etc.). Incertain embodiments, a chiral resolution is used. In certainembodiments, a lipase-catalyzed chiral resolution is used. The lipaseselectively acetylates one enantiomer versus the other. In certainembodiments, Amano Lipase AK in the presence of vinyl acetate is used toacetylate preferentially the (R)-enantiomer. The resulting products(i.e., free alcohol versus acetylated alcohol) are then separated usingany purification method known in the art. In other embodiments, chiralchromatography is used to separate the enantiomers of 11. In yet otherembodiments, a particular enantiomer is crystallized, optionally with achiral salt as a diastereomeric salt.

The resulting (S)-isomer is reacted with a nucleophile to preserve thestereochemistry at the chiral center and yield compound 13. In certainembodiments, two substitution reactions based on an S_(N)2 mechanism areused in sequence to preserve the overall stereochemistry at the chiralcenter. For example, the allylic alcohol is converted to thecorresponding bromide with CBr₄ and PPh₃ via an S_(N)2 mechanism,thereby inverting the stereochemistry at the chiral center. In otherembodiments, the reaction is accomplished using N-chlorosuccinimide(NCS) or N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and methyl sulfide. Other reactionsfor the formation of alkyl halides from allylic alcohols may also beused. See, e.g., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry 5^(th) Ed., pp.518-19; incorporated herein by reference. Preferably ones that result inan inversion of stereochemistry at the chiral center are used. Theresulting allylic bromide or other halide or leaving group is thenreacted with a nucleophile (e.g., amine, a dialkylamine, amonoalkylamine, alcohol, alkoxide, thiol, etc.) to yield 13. In certainembodiments, the reaction conditions of the second substitution reactionalso favor an S_(N)2 reaction so that the stereochemistry at the chiralcenter is inverted again, thus preserving the overall stereochemistry.As would be appreciated by one of skill in this art, the nucleophile,leaving group, reagents, solvent, concentration of reagents,temperature, time of reaction, etc. in the above reactions may beadjusted to favor the desired stereochemical outcome, to improve theyield, and/or to adjust other aspects of the reaction.

In contrast, the (R)-isomer is simply reacted with a nucleophile underreaction conditions that favor an S_(N)2 mechanism in order to invertthe stereochemistry at the chiral center. In certain embodiments, thealcohol is first converted into a better leaving group (e.g., by formingthe corresponding tosylate, mesylate) before reaction with thenucleophile. As would be appreciated by one of skill in this art, thenucleophile, leaving group, reagents, solvent, concentration ofreagents, temperature, time of reaction, etc. in the above reaction maybe adjusted to favor the desired stereochemical outcome and/or toimprove the yield.

In certain embodiments, the stereochemistry is preferably as shown inisoxazole 13 of formula:

In certain embodiments, R₅ is —N(R_(E))₂. In certain embodiments, R₅ is—N(R_(E))₂, wherein R_(E) is C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain particularembodiments, R₅ is —N(CH₃)₂. In other embodiments, R₅ is —OR_(E). Incertain particular embodiments, R₅ is —OCH₃. In yet other embodiments,R₅ is —SR_(E). In certain particular embodiments, R₅ is —SCH₃. Incertain embodiments, R₅ is acyl. In other embodiments, R₅ is substitutedor unsubstituted aliphatic or heteroaliphatic. In certain embodiments,R₅ is —CN, —NO₂, or halogen.

In other embodiments, the opposite stereochemistry of 13, that is,

may be desired and produced by modifying the above methodology.

In certain embodiments, isoxazole 13, whether of the (R)- or(S)-configuration, is an enantiomerically pure compound. In otherembodiments, isoxazole 13 is at least 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%enantiomerically pure. Rather than purifying or resolving theenantiomers of the alcohol in the previous step, it will be appreciatedthat the purification of the enantiomers may take place after thepreparation of isoxazole 13. Again, this separation of two enantiomersmay be accomplished by any technique known in the art including, but notlimited to, crystallization, chiral chromatography, conversion to adiastereomer followed by conventional purification techniques, chiralresolution using an enzyme, and chiral resolution via diastereomericsalt crystallization.

In still other embodiments, the prepartion of isoxazole 13 is notstereoselective. In certain embodiments, the desired stereoisomer isseparated from the undesired stereoisomer. The undesired stereoisomermay be discarded or converted into the desired stereoisomer or anotherintermediate useful in the synthesis. In certain embodiments, theundesired stereoiomer is converted into the desired stereoisomer.

In the next step of the synthesis of the enone, isoxazole 13 ismetalated and reacted with 3-methoxyfurfural or another substitutedfurfural moiety. Preferably, the furfural moiety has a protectedhydroxyl group at C-3. In certain embodiments, an at least 90%enantiomerically pure mixture of isoxazole 13 is used in this reaction.In other embodiments, isoxazole 13 is at least 95%, 98%, or 99%enantiomerically pure. In certain embodiments, isoxazole 13 is reactedwith n-butyl lithium, another organolithium reagent, or another metalreagent. In certain embodiments, a 3-substituted 3-alkoxyoyfurfural or a4-substituted 3-alkoxyfurfural is used in the reaction. In certainembodiments, the furfural is a 2- or 4-substituted 3-methoxyfurfural. Incertain embodiments, the furfural moiety is of the formula:

wherein

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, —OR_(F), —CN,—SCN, —SR_(F), alkylthio, arylthio, —NO₂, amino, —N(R_(F))₂, and—C(R_(F))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(F) is independently ahydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphaticmoiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy;aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety; and

P is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or aprotecting group. In certain embodiments, P′ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certainparticular embodiments, P′ is methyl. In certain embodiments, P′ is asilicon-containing protecting group (e.g., TBDMS, TMS, TES, etc.). Incertain embodiments, P′ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, P′ is acyl.In certain particular embodiments, P′ is acetyl. In certain embodiments,R₆ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R₆ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certainembodiments, R₆ is —OR_(F). In yet other embodiments, R₆ is —N(R_(F))₂.

Alternatively, the coupling of the isoxazole to the furfural moiety maybe achieved using a metal-halogen exchange reaction. In suchembodiments, an isoxazole of formula:

wherein R₃, R₄, R₅, and P are as defined herein; and X is a halogen, isused. In certain embodiments, X is bromine. In other embodiments, X isiodine. In certain embodiments, a magnesium-halogen exchange is used.For example, isoxazole 13a is reacted with i-PrMgCl and then allowed toreact with the furfural moiety as described above. In certainembodiments, the reaction is performed at approximately 0° C.-−20° C. inTHF or another suitable solvent. Such a magnesium-halogen exchangereaction eliminates the need for using highly reactive lithium reagents.As would be appreciated by one of skill in the art, other metal-halogenexchange reactions may be used to produce 14 such as a lithium-halogenexchange reaction.

The isoxazole of formula 13a may be prepared by direct electrophilichalogenation (e.g., iodination, bromination) of the alcohol of formula:

wherein P is hydrogen or an oxygen protecting group, to yield ahalogenated isoxazole of formula:

wherein P is defined above, and X is a halogen (e.g., Br, I). Subsequentoxidation of the primary alcohol (for example, using TEMPO, NaOCl,CH₂Cl₂) followed by addition of a vinyl moiety yields the bromo allylicalcohol of formula:

wherein R₃, R₄, P, and X are defined herein. In certain embodiments, theaddition of the vinyl moiety is enantioselective. In certainembodiments, the enantioselective addition of the vinyl group isaccomplished using divinyl zinc and a chiral aminoalcohol ligand. Othersuitable chiral aminoalcohols are described herein. In certainembodiments, the chiral ligand used is an amino-alcohol ligand offormula:

The bromo allylic alcohol, or corresponding mesylate or other suitableleaving group, is then displaced to provide:

wherein R₃, R₄, R₅, P, and X are defined herein. Various conditions andreagents useful in such a substitution reaction, particularly S_(N)2reactions, are described herein.

Intramolecular Diels-Alder of 14 yields the bridged tricyclic product15. In certain embodiments, the Diels-Alder reaction is stereoselectiveand regioselective yielding only the stereoisomer and regioisomer shown.In other embodiments, the desired stereoisomer is at least 80%, 90%,90%, 98%, or 99% of the product. The desired product is optionallyseparated from an undesired product or starting material at this stage.The Diels-Alder reaction is catalyzed or uncatalyzed. In certainembodiments, the reaction is uncatalyzed. In certain embodiments, thereaction is catalyzed with a Lewis acid catalyst. In certainembodiments, the reaction is caused by heating the starting material 14.In certain embodiments, the compound is heated to a temperature above60° C., 70° C., 80° C., 90°, 100° C., 110° C., or 120° C. In certainparticular embodiments, compound 13 is heated to approximately 115° C.in an organic solvent such as toluene. Much is known in the artregarding the Diels-Alder reaction. See March's Advanced OrganicChemistry, 5^(th) Ed., pp. 1062-75. As would be appreciated by one ofskill in the art, the reaction conditions may be optimized for differentsubstitutions on the starting material 14.

After formation of the bridged tricyle 15, the free alcohol is oxidizedto the corresponding ketone. Any method known in the art for oxidizing asecondary alcohol may be used. Secondary alcohols may be oxidized to thecorresponding ketone using oxidizing agents, dehydrogenation, orhypervalent iodine reagents (e.g., Dess-Martin periodinane). In general,milder oxidizing reagents are used. In certain embodiments, a Swernoxidation is used. In certain embodiments, tetrapropylammoniumperruthenate (TPAP)/N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO) is used as theoxidizing agent. In certain other embodiments, the free alcohol isprotected with an oxygen protecting group rather than oxidizing it tothe corresponding ketone. Any oxygen protecting group may be usedincluding silicon-containing protecting groups.

The next step involves the removal of the oxygen protecting group P′ andrearrangement of the resulting enolate to form the enone 17. Thereaction conditions used to remove the protecting group will depend onthe particular protecting group being used to mask the enolate. Incertain embodiments, P′ is methyl or another alkyl group. Removal of themethyl group with a Lewis acid results in rearrangement of the resultingenolate. In certain embodiments, the demethylation reaction is performedusing BBr₃. The reaction with BBr₃ is typically performed atapproximately −78° C. In certain other embodiments, the demethylationreaction is performed using BCl₃. The reaction with BCl₃ is typicallyperformed at approximately −40° C. One advantage of using BCl₃ is thatit can be used at a higher temperature than BBr₃. As would beappreciated by one of skill in the art, other protecting groups can beremoved under conditions suitable to selectively remove P′ and notaffect other functional groups of the enone.

The resulting free hydroxyl group of enone 17 is then optionallyprotected to yield enone 9. The protecting group can be any oxygenprotecting group. In certain embodiments, the oxygen protecting group isa silicon-containing protecting group. In certain particularembodiments, the oxygen protecting group is TBS.

As would be appreciated by one of skill in the art, each of the steps inthe synthesis of the enone may be optionally followed by the appropriatework-up and purification of the desired product. Certain steps, however,may not require purification before being used as starting material inthe next reaction. The inventive synthesis of the enone may be used toprepare multi-gram quantities. In certain embodiments, at least 25 gramsof the enone is prepared. In other embodiments, at least 50 grams of theenone is prepared using the inventive synthesis. In certain otherembodiments, at least 100 grams of the enone is prepared.

The enone (9) is then optionally reacted with an anion of a phthalide,an anion of a toluate, a benzocyclobutenole, or a diene to yield atetracycline analog. Details of these reactions and possible phthalides,toluates, benzocyclobutenoles, and dienes are descibed in U.S. patentapplication US 2005/0282787, published Dec. 22, 2005; WO 05/112945,published on Dec. 1, 2005; and U.S. provisional patent application Ser.No. 60/790,413, filed Apr. 7, 2006.

In one embodiment, enone (9) is reacted with an anion resulting from thedeprotonation of toluate (6). The toluate of formula:

wherein

R₁ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(A); ═O;—C(═O)R_(A); —CO₂R_(A); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(A); —SOR_(A); —SO₂R_(A); —NO₂;—N(R_(A))₂; —NHC(O)R_(A); or —C(R_(A))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(A) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₇ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(G); ═O;—C(═O)R_(G); —CO₂R_(G); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(G); —SOR_(G); —SO₂R_(G); —NO₂;—N(R_(G))₂; —NHC(O)R_(G); or —C(R_(G))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(G) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety; and

n is an integer in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive;

R₉ is —OR_(I); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(I); or —N(R_(I))₂; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(I) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group; acyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic moiety; acyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aliphaticheteroaliphatic moiety; a substituted or unsubstituted aryl moiety; or asubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl moiety; and

P is selected from the group consisting of hydrogren, lower (C₁-C₆)alkyl group, an acyl group, and a protecting group;

is deprotonated under basic conditions (e.g., LDA, HMDS), and theresulting anion is reacted with an enone of formula:

wherein R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O;—C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C); —SO₂R_(C); —NO₂;—N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O;—C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D); —SO₂R_(D); —NO₂;—N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(E); —CN; —SCN;—SR_(E); or —N(R_(E))₂; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, —OR_(F), —CN,—SCN, —SR_(F), alkylthio, arylthio, —NO₂, amino, —N(R_(F))₂, and—C(R_(F))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(F) is independently ahydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphaticmoiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy;aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety; and

P is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen or aprotecting group; to form the product:

wherein

R₁, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₇, P, and n are as defined above;

R₂ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(B); ═O (takenwith R₁); —C(═O)R_(B); —CO₂R_(B); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(B); —SOR_(B);—SO₂R_(B); —NO₂; —N(R_(B))₂; —NHC(O)R_(B); or —C(R_(B))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(B) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety. As will be appreciated by one of skill in this art, the toluatemay be further substituted in certain embodiments. In addition, thephenyl ring of the toluate may be substituted for an aromaticheterocyclic ring such as a pyridine ring. Other examples of carbocyclicand heterocyclic analogs of toluate (6) include:

In certain embodiments, polycyclic toluates are used in theMichael-Dieckmann reaction sequence to form pentacyclines, hexacyclines,or higher cyclines. Toluates useful in preparing pentacyclines areexemplified by the formula:

wherein

R₁ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(A); ═O;—C(═O)R_(A); —CO₂R_(A); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(A); —SOR_(A); —SO₂R_(A); —NO₂;—N(R_(A))₂; —NHC(O)R_(A); or —C(R_(A))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(A) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

each R₇ is independently hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclicor acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranchedheteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranchedacyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;—OR_(G); ═O; —C(═O)R_(G); —CO₂R_(G); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(G); —SOR_(G);—SO₂R_(G); —NO₂; —N(R_(G))₂; —NHC(O)R_(G); or —C(R_(G))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(G) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclic,or heterocyclic moiety, in which each occurrence of X is selected fromthe group consisting of —O—, —S—, —NR₈—, —C(R₈)₂—;

R₈ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(H); ═O;—C(═O)R_(H); —CO₂R_(H); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(H); —SOR_(H); —SO₂R_(H); —NO₂;—N(R_(H))₂; —NHC(O)R_(H); or —C(R_(H))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(H) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

n is an integer in the range of 1 to 5, inclusive; and

the bonds between adjacent X moieties are either single or double bonds;and

R₉ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstitutedaryl or heteroaryl groups.

In another embodiment, enone (18) is reacted with an anion, which isgenerated through metalation (e.g., metal-halogen exchange,metal-metalloid exchange, lithium-halogen exchange, lithium-tinexchange, etc. by reacting the toluate with the appropriate metalreagent) of a toluate of the following formula:

wherein

R₁ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(A); ═O;—C(═O)R_(A); —CO₂R_(A); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(A); —SOR_(A); —SO₂R_(A); —NO₂;—N(R_(A))₂; —NHC(O)R_(A); or —C(R_(A))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(A) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₇ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(G); ═O;—C(═O)R_(G); —CO₂R_(G); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(G); —SOR_(G); —SO₂R_(G); —NO₂;—N(R_(G))₂; —NHC(O)R_(G); or —C(R_(G))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(G) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

n is an integer in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive;

R₉ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstitutedaryl or heteroaryl groups; and

Y is a halogen or Sn(R_(Y))₃, wherein R_(Y) is alkyl. The aniongenerated is reacted with the enone (18) to generate a product offormula:

wherein

R₁, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₇, P, and n are as defined above; and

R₂ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(B); ═O;—C(═O)R_(B); —CO₂R_(B); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(B); —SOR_(B); —SO₂R_(B); —NO₂;—N(R_(B))₂; —NHC(O)R_(B); or —C(R_(B))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(B) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety.

Any metal may be used in the metalation reaction to generate the metalanionic reagent to be reacted with the enone. In certain embodiments,the metal is a Group I element on the periodic chart. In otherembodiments, the metal is a Group II element on the periodic chart. Inother embodiments, the metal is a transition metal. Exemplary metalsuseful in the metalation reaction include sodium, lithium, calcium,aluminium, cadmium, copper, beryllium, arsenic, antimony, tin,magnesium, titanium, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc,platinum, palladium, mercury, and ruthenium. In certain preferredembodiments, the metal is chosen from lithium, magnesium, titanium,zinc, and copper. In yet other embodiments, the metal is magnesium,lithium, sodium, beryllium, zinc, mercury, arsenic, antimony, or tin. Incertain particular embodiments, a lithium-halogen exchange is used. Thelithium-halogen exchange may be performed in situ in the presence of theenone. The lithium-halogen exchange may be preformed using any lithiumreagent including, for example, alkyllithium reagents, n-butyllithium,t-butyllithium, phenyl lithium, mesityl lithium, and methyllithium. Incertain embodiments, other organometallics reagents are generated andreacted with the enone. Examples include Grignard reagents, zero-valentmetal complexes, ate complexes, etc. In certain embodiments, the metalreagent is a magnesium reagent including, but not limited to, magnesiummetal, magnesium anthracene, activated magnesium turnings, etc. Incertain embodiments, the reagent is zinc-based. The reagent may begenerated in situ in the presence of the enone, or the reagent may begenerated separately and later contacted with the enone. In certainembodiments, milder conditions for the cyclization are used (e.g., azinc reagent).

As will be appreciated by one of skill in this art, the toluate may befurther substituted in certain embodiments. In addition, the phenyl ringof the toluate may be substituted for an aromatic heterocyclic ring orring system such as a pyridine ring. Examples of carbocyclic andheterocyclic analogs of toluate include:

In certain embodiments, the halogen Y is bromine. In other embodiments,Y is iodine. In yet other embodiments, Y is chloride. In certainembodiments, Y is a metalloid (e.g., tin, selenium, tellurium, etc.). Incertain embodiments, Y is —SnR₃, wherein each occurrence of R isindependently alkyl (e.g., —Sn(CH₃)₃). After the metalation reaction, Yis a metal such as lithium, magnesium, zinc, copper, antimony, sodium,etc. In certain embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen or lower alkyl (C₁-C₆). Incertain particular embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen.

In other embodiments, polycyclic toluates may be used to preparepentacyclines, hexacyclines, or highe cyclines. Toluates useful in thepreparation of such cyclines are of the formula:

wherein

R₁ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(A); ═O;—C(═O)R_(A); —CO₂R_(A); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(A); —SOR_(A); —SO₂R_(A); —NO₂;—N(R_(A))₂; —NHC(O)R_(A); or —C(R_(A))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(A) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

each R₇ is independently hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclicor acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranchedheteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranchedacyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl;—OR_(G); ═O; —C(═O)R_(G); —CO₂R_(G); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(G); —SOR_(G);—SO₂R_(G); —NO₂; —N(R_(G))₂; —NHC(O)R_(G); or —C(R_(G))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(G) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl, heteroaryl, carbocyclic,or heterocyclic moiety, in which each occurrence of X is selected fromthe group consisting of —O—, —S—, —NR₈—, —C(R₈)₂—;

R₈ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(H); ═O;—C(═O)R_(H); —CO₂R_(H); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(H); —SOR_(H); —SO₂R_(H); —NO₂;—N(R_(H))₂; —NHC(O)R_(H); or —C(R_(H))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(H) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

n is an integer in the range of 1 to 5, inclusive; and

the bonds between adjacent X moieties are either single or double bonds;

R₉ is selected from the group consisting of substituted or unsubstitutedaryl or heteroaryl groups; and

Y is a halogen or Sn(R_(Y))₃, wherein R_(Y) is alkyl. In certainembodiments, the halogen Y is bromine. In certain embodiments, thehalogen Y is bromine. In other embodiments, Y is iodine. In yet otherembodiments, Y is chloride. In certain embodiments, Y is a metalloid(e.g., tin, selenium, tellurium, etc.). In certain embodiments, Y is—SnR₃, wherein each occurrence of R is independently alkyl (e.g.,—Sn(CH₃)₃). After the metalation reaction, Y is a metal such as lithium,magnesium, zinc, copper, sodium, mercury, antimony, etc. In certainembodiments, R₁ is hydrogen or lower alkyl (C₁-C₆). In certainparticular embodiments, R₁ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R₉ isphenyl or substituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, ortho-R₇ is alkoxysuch as methoxy. In other embodiments, R₇ is hydrogen. Exemplarypolycyclic toluates include:

Compounds of the formula below with a heterocyclic C-ring:

may be prepared by Michael-Dieckmann closure of a D-ring precursorderived from the corresponding anilide, phenol, or thiophenol. Arepresentative example using anthranilic acid (i.e., anilide as thenucleophile in the Michael addition reaction) is shown below:

In another embodiment, the enone (18) is reacted with abenzocyclobutenol in an o-quinone dimethide Diels-Alder reaction. Theenone (18) is reacted under suitable conditions (e.g., heat) with abenzocyclobutenol of formula:

wherein

R₁ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(A); ═O;—C(═O)R_(A); —CO₂R_(A); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(A); —SOR_(A); —SO₂R_(A); —NO₂;—N(R_(A))₂; —NHC(O)R_(A); or —C(R_(A))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(A) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₇ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(G); ═O;—C(═O)R_(G); —CO₂R_(G); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(G); —SOR_(G); —SO₂R_(G); —NO₂;—N(R_(G))₂; —NHC(O)R_(G); or —C(R_(G))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(G) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

P are each selected independently from the group consisting of hydrogenor a protecting group; and

n is an integer in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive;

to form the product of formula:

wherein R₁, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and P are defined as above; and

R₂ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(B); ═O;—C(═O)R_(B); —CO₂R_(B); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(B); —SOR_(B); —SO₂R_(B); —NO₂;—N(R_(B))₂; —NHC(O)R_(B); or —C(R_(B))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(B) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety. Aswill be appreciate by one of skill in this art, the reactants may besubstituted further and still fall within the claimed invention. Forexample, the phenyl ring of the benzocyclobutenol ring may be furthersubstituted.

In another embodiment, the enone is reacted with a diene in aDiels-Alder reaction to yield a tricycline. The enone (18) is reactedunder suitable conditions (e.g., heat) with a diene of formula:

wherein

R₁ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(A); ═O;—C(═O)R_(A); —CO₂R_(A); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(A); —SOR_(A); —SO₂R_(A); —NO₂;—N(R_(A))₂; —NHC(O)R_(A); or —C(R_(A))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(A) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety; and

P are each selected independently from the group consisting of hydrogenand protecting groups;

to yield a protected tricycline of formula:

wherein

R₂ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(B); ═O;—C(═O)R_(B); —CO₂R_(B); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(B); —SOR_(B); —SO₂R_(B); —NO₂;—N(R_(B))₂; —NHC(O)R_(B); or —C(R_(B))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(B) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety. Aswill be appreciated by one of skill in this art, the enone and diene maybe further substituted and still be encompassed within the presentinvention.

In yet another embodiment, the enone is reacted with an anion of aphthalide or cyano-phthalide. The enone (18) is reacted under basicconditions (e.g., LDA, Ph₃CLi) with the anion of the phthalide offormula:

wherein

R₁ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(A); ═O;—C(═O)R_(A); —CO₂R_(A); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(A); —SOR_(A); —SO₂R_(A); —NO₂;—N(R_(A))₂; —NHC(O)R_(A); or —C(R_(A))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(A) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₇ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(G); ═O;—C(═O)R_(G); —CO₂R_(G); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(G); —SOR_(G); —SO₂R_(G); —NO₂;—N(R_(G))₂; —NHC(O)R_(G); or —C(R_(G))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(G) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

P is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl group, acyl group, or an oxygen-protectinggroup; and

n is an integer in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive;

to yield a product of formula:

wherein R₂ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(B); ═O;—C(═O)R_(B); —CO₂R_(B); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(B); —SOR_(B); —SO₂R_(B); —NO₂;—N(R_(B))₂; —NHC(O)R_(B); or —C(R_(B))₃; wherein each occurrence ofR_(B) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphaticmoiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; aheteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino,alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety.

The products of the above reactions are optionally furtherfunctionalized, reduced, oxidized, rearranged, protected, anddeprotected to yield the final desired product. Each of the above stepsmay be followed with an appropriate work-up and purification of thedesired product. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art,various isolation and purification techniques including flashchromatography, crystallization, distillation, HPLC, thin layerchromatography, extraction, filtration, etc. may be used in the courseof synthesizing compounds of the invention. These techniques may be usedin the preparation or purification of intermediates, reagents, products,starting materials, or solvents.

Intermediates

Along with synthetic methodology, the invention also provides usefulintermediates useful in the preparation of the enone (9) andtetracycline analogs.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a compound of formula(VIII):

wherein

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (takenwith R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C);—SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (takenwith R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D);—SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(E); —CN; —SCN;—SR_(E); or —N(R_(E))₂; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, —OR_(F), —CN,—SCN, —SR_(F), alkylthio, arylthio, —NO₂, amino, —N(R_(F))₂, and—C(R_(F))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(F) is independently ahydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphaticmoiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy;aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

each occurrence of P is independently selected from the group consistingof hydrogen and an oxygen-protecting group; and salts, tautomers,stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and derivates thereof. Incertain embodiments, R₃ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R₃ isfluorine. In other embodiments, R₃ is substituted or unsubstitutedaliphatic. In yet other embodiments, R₃ is substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaliphatic. In certain particular embodiments, R₃ is C₁-C₆alkyl. Incertain embodiments, R₃ is hydroxyl or protected hydroxyl. In certainembodiments, R₃ is thiol or protected thiol. In certain embodiments, R₄is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R₄ is fluorine. In otherembodiments, R₄ is substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic. In yet otherembodiments, R₄ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic. Incertain particular embodiments, R₄ is C₁-C₆alkyl. In certainembodiments, R₄ is hydroxyl or protected hydroxyl. In certainembodiments, R₄ is thiol or protected thiol. In certain embodiments,both R₃ and R₄ are hydrogen. In certain embodiments, R₅ is —N(R_(E))₂.In certain embodiments, R₅ is —N(R_(E))₂, wherein R_(E) is hydrogen orC₁-C₆ alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₅ is —N(R_(E))₂, wherein R_(E) ismethyl. In certain embodiments, R₅ is —OR_(E) or —SR_(F). In certainembodiments, R₅ is substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic. In otherembodiments, R₅ is substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic. Incertain embodiments, R₅ is C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain particularembodiments, R₅ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, the chiral centerto which R₅ is attached is inverted from that shown in formula (VIII).In certain embodiments, R₆ is hydrogen. In other embodiments, R₆ issubstituted or unsubstituted aliphatic. In yet other embodiments, R₆ issubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic. In certain particularembodiments, R₆ is C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain embodiments, R₃, R₄, and R₆are all hydrogen. In certain embodiments, P is benzyl. In otherembodiments, P is hydrogen. In yet other embodiments, P is acyl. In yetother embodiments, P is a silicon-containing protecting group. Anexemplary compound of the formula VIII includes:

In other embodiments, the invention provides a compound of formula(VII):

wherein

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (takenwith R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C);—SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (takenwith R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D);—SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(E); —CN; —SCN;—SR_(E); or —N(R_(E))₂; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, —OR_(F), —CN,—SCN, —SR_(F), alkylthio, arylthio, —NO₂, amino, —N(R_(F))₂, and—C(R_(F))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(F) is independently ahydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphaticmoiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy;aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

P is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group; and

P′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl group, acyl group, or an oxygen-protectinggroup; and salts, tautomers, stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers,and derivates thereof. R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, and P are as defined in any ofthe genera, classes, subclasses, or species described herein. In certainembodiments, P′ is C₁-C₆alkyl. In certain embodiments, P′ is methyl. Incertain embodiments, P′ is a silicon-containing protecting group. Inother embodiments, P′ is acyl. In yet other embodiments, P′ is acetyl.In certain embodiments, P′ is hydrogen. An examplary compound of theformula VII includes:

In certain embodiments, the compound is of formula (VI):

wherein

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (takenwith R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C);—SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (takenwith R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D);—SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(E); —CN; —SCN;—SR_(E); or —N(R_(E))₂; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, —OH, —CN, —SCN,—SH, alkylthio, arylthio, —NO₂, amino, alkyl amino, and dialkyl aminogroups;

P is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group;

P′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl group, acyl group, or an oxygen-protectinggroup;

P″ is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group; and salts, tautomers,stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and derivates thereof. R₃,R₄, R₅, R₆, P, and P′ are as defined in any of the genera, classes,subclasses, or species described herein. In certain embodiments, P′ isC₁-C₆alkyl. In certain embodiments, P′ is methyl. In certainembodiments, P′ is a silicon-containing protecting group. In otherembodiments, P′ is acyl. In yet other embodiments, P′ is acetyl. Incertain embodiments, P′ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, P″ ishydrogen. In other embodiments, P″ is a silicon-containing protectinggroup. In other embodiments, P″ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In yet otherembodiments, P″ is acyl. In still other particular embodiments, P″ isacetyl. An examplary compound of the formula VI includes:

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a compound of formula(V):

wherein

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (takenwith R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C);—SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (takenwith R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D);—SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(E); —CN; —SCN;—SR_(E); or —N(R_(E))₂; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

R₆ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaliphatic, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, —OR_(F), —CN,—SCN, —SR_(F), alkylthio, arylthio, —NO₂, amino, —N(R_(F))₂, and—C(R_(F))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(F) is independently ahydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, a heteroaliphaticmoiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy;aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino,heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety;

P is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group; and

P′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl group, acyl group, or an oxygen-protectinggroup; and salts, tautomers, stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers,and derivates thereof. R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, P, P′, and P″ are as defined inany of the genera, classes, subclasses, or species described herein. Anexemplary compounds of formula IV includes:

In other embodiments, the invention provides a compound of formula(IIIa):

wherein

X is hydrogen or a halogen;

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (takenwith R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C);—SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (takenwith R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D);—SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(E); —CN; —SCN;—SR_(E); or —N(R_(E))₂; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety; and

P is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group; and salts, tautomers,stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and derivates thereof. R₃,R₄, R₅, and P are as defined in any of the genera, classes, subclasses,or species described herein. In certain embodiments, X is hydrogen. Incertain other embodiments, X is iodine. In yet other embodiments, X isbromine. Exemplary compound of formula IIIa include:

In other embodiments, the invention provides a compound of formula(IIIb):

wherein

X is hydrogen or a halogen;

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (takenwith R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C);—SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (takenwith R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D);—SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(E); —CN; —SCN;—SR_(E); or —N(R_(E))₂; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) isindependently a hydrogen, a protecting group, an aliphatic moiety, aheteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an aryl moiety; a heteroarylmoiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino,dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio moiety; and

P is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group; and salts, tautomers,stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and derivates thereof. R₃,R₄, R₅, and P are as defined in any of the genera, classes, subclasses,or species described herein. In certain embodiments, X is hydrogen. Incertain other embodiments, X is iodine. In yet other embodiments, X isbromine. Exemplary compound of formula IIIb include:

In still other embodiments, the compound is of formula (II):

wherein

R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (takenwith R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C);—SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(C) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety;

R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic,substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic;substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substitutedor unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted orunsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (takenwith R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D);—SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein eachoccurrence of R_(D) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group, analiphatic moiety, a heteroaliphatic moiety, an acyl moiety; an arylmoiety; a heteroaryl moiety; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio;amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthiomoiety; and

P is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group;

P′ is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group; and salts, tautomers,stereoisomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and derivates thereof. R₃,R₄, R₅, and P are as defined in any of the genera, classes, subclasses,or species described herein. In certain embodiments, P′ is acyl. Incertain particular embodiments, P′ is acetyl. In other embodiments, P′is a fatty acid. In other embodiments, P′ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certainembodiments, P′ is a silicon-containing protecting group. In certainparticular embodiments, P′ is hydrogen. In certain embodiments, thecompound is of formula (IIb):

In other embodiments, the compound is of formula (IIa):

Examplary compounds of formula II include:

Tetracycline Analogs

Compounds that can be prepared using the intermediates, reagents, andsynthetic methodologies described herein include any tetracyclineanalogs, including, but not limited to, tetracyclines, heterocyclictetracycline analogs, dicyclines, tricyclines, pentacyclines,heterocylic pentatcyclines, bridged pentacyclines, heterocyclicpolycyclines, bridged polycyclines, and other polycyclines, as describedin U.S. patent application US 2005/0282787, published on Dec. 22, 2005;PCT application WO 05/112945, published Dec. 1, 2005; and U.S.provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/790,413, filed Apr. 7, 2006;each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Any of the genera,classes, subclasses, or species described in these application may beprepared using the inventive system. Particularly useful compounds ofthe present invention include those with biological activity. In certainembodiments, the compounds of the invention exhibit antimicrobialactivity. For example, the compound may have a mean inhibitoryconcentration, with respect to a particular bacteria, of less than 100μg/mL, of less than 50 μg/mL, preferably less than 25 μg/mL, morepreferably less than 5 μg/mL, and most preferably less than 1 μg/mL orless than 0.1 μg/mL. For example, infection caused by the followingorganisms may be treated with antimicrobial compounds of the invention:Gram-positivives—Staphylocococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis,Streptococcus Group A, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus pneumoniae,Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-negatives—Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseriagonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacteroidesfragilis, other Bacteroides; and others—Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Treponemapallidum, Rickettsia, and Chlamydia. In certain embodiments, thecompounds exhibit anti-fungal activty. In other embodiments, thecompounds of the invention exhibit antiproliferative activity.

These and other aspects of the present invention will be furtherappreciated upon consideration of the following Examples, which areintended to illustrate certain particular embodiments of the inventionbut are not intended to limit its scope, as defined by the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of Chiral Enone

General Procedures.

All reactions were performed in flame-dried round bottomed or modifiedSchlenk (Kjeldahl shape) flasks fitted with rubber septa under apositive pressure of argon, unless otherwise noted. Air- andmoisture-sensitive liquids and solutions were transferred via syringe orstainless steel cannula. Where necessary (so noted), solutions weredeoxygenated by alternative freeze (liquid nitrogen)/evacuation/thawcycles (≧three iterations). Organic solutions were concentrated byrotary evaporation at ˜25 Torr (house vacuum). Flash columnchromatography was performed on silica gel (60 Å, standard grade) asdescribed by Still et al. (Still, W. C.; Kahn, M.; Mitra, A. J. Org.Chem. 1978, 43, 2923-2925; incorporated herein by reference). Analyticalthin-layer chromatography was performed using glass plates pre-coatedwith 0.25 mm 230-400 mesh silica gel impregnated with a fluorescentindicator (254 nm). Thin layer chromatography plates were visualized byexposure to ultraviolet light and/or exposure to ceric ammoniummolybdate or an acidic solution of p-anisaldehyde followed by heating ona hot plate.

Materials. Commercial reagents and solvents were used as received withthe following exceptions. Chlorotrimethylsilane, triethylamine,diisopropylamine, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine,N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, DMPU, HMPA, andN,N-diisopropylethylamine were distilled from calcium hydride underdinitrogen atmosphere. Benzene, dichloromethane, ethyl ether, methanol,pyridine, tetrahydrofuran, hexane, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide,and toluene were purified by the method of Pangborn et al. (Pangborn, A.B.; Giardello, M. A.; Grubbs, R. H.; Rosen, R. K.; Timmers, F. J.Organometallics 1996, 15, 1518-1520; incorporated herein by reference).The molarity of n-butyllithium, s-butyllithium, and t-butyllithium weredetermined by titration with a tetrahydrofuran solution of 2-butanolusing triphenylmethane as an indicator (Duhamel, L.; Palquevent, J.-C.J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 3404-3405; incorporated herein by reference).

Instrumentation.

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra and carbon nuclearmagnetic resonance (¹³C NMR) were recorded with Varian Unity/Inova 600(600 MHz), Varian Unity/Inova 500 (500 MHz/125 MHz), or Varian Mercury400 (400 MHz/100 MHz) NMR spectrometers. Chemical shifts for protons arereported in parts per million scale (8 scale) downfield fromtetramethylsilane and are referenced to residual protium in the NMRsolvents (CHCl₃: δ 7.26, C₆D₅H: δ 7.15, D₂HCOD: δ 3.31, CDHCl₂: δ 5.32,(CD₂H)CD₃SO: δ 2.49). Chemical shifts for carbon are reported in partsper million (8 scale) downfield from tetramethylsilane and arereferenced to the carbon resonances of the solvent (CDCl₃: δ 77.0, C₆D₆:δ 128.0, D₃COD: δ 44.9, CD₂Cl₂: δ 53.8, (CD₃)₂SO: δ 39.5). Data arerepresented as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s=singlet,d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet, br=broad), integration,coupling constant in Hz, and assignment. Infrared (IR) spectra wereobtained using a Perkin-Elmer 1600 FT-IR spectrophotometer referenced toa polystyrene standard. Data are represented as follows: frequency ofthe absorption (cm⁻¹), intensity of absorption (s=strong, sb=strongbroad, m=medium, w=weak, br=broad), and assignment (where appropriate).Optical rotations were determined on a JASCO DIP-370 digital polarimeterequipped with a sodium lamp source using a 200-μL or 2-mL solution cell.High resolution mass spectra were obtained at the Harvard UniversityMass Spectrometry Facilities.

Allylic Alcohol JDB2:

A solution of vinylmagnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 36.5 mL,36.4 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added via syringe to a solution of aldehydeJDB1 (3.70 g, 18.2 mmol, 1 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (36 mL) at −78° C.(Riess, R.; Schon, M.; Laschat, S.; Jager, V. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1998,473-479; incorporated herein by reference). The reaction solution wasstirred at −78° C. for 40 min and the cooling bath was removed.Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (50 mL) was added and the productsolution was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organic layer waswashed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (40 mL) and the washedsolution was dried over sodium sulfate. The dried solution was filteredand the filtrate was concentrated. The residue obtained was purified byflash-column chromatography on silica gel (30% ethyl acetate-hexanes) tofurnish the allylic alcohol JDB2 (4.04 g, 96%) as a clear, colorlessoil.

TLC (30% ethyl acetate-hexanes) R_(f)=0.25 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.43-7.34 (m, 5H, ArH), 6.04 (ddd, 1H,J=17.1, 10.3, 5.9 Hz, CH₂═CH), 5.87 (s, 1H, IsoxH), 5.46 (d, 1H, J=17.1,trans-CHH═CH), 5.34 (d, 1H, J=10.3 Hz, cis-CHH═CH), 5.24 (s, 2H,OCH₂Ar), 5.22 (t, 1H, J=5.34 Hz, CHOH), 2.25 (br s, 1H, OH).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 173.3, 171.6, 135.7, 135.3, 128.6, 128.5,128.2, 118.0, 92.9, 71.6, 68.3.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 3361 (bs), 1615 (s), 1503 (s), 1451 (s), 1364 (s) 1216(w), 1119 (w), 1036 (s), 986 (s), 932 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₃H₁₃NO₃+H)⁺: 232.0973

Found: 232.0973.

Kinetic Resolution of Allylic Alcohol JDB2:

Amano Lipase AK (125 mg) was added to a mixture of allylic alcohol 2(1.00 g, 4.30 mmol, 1 equiv), 4 Å molecular sieves (65 mg), and vinylacetate (3.40 mL, 36.9 mmol, 8.57 equiv) in hexanes (17 mL) at 23° C.After stirring for 52.5 h, the reaction mixture was filtered and thefiltrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by flash-columnchromatography on silica gel (20% ethyl acetate-hexanes, grading to 35%ethyl acetate-hexanes) to furnish separately the R-allylic acetate JDB3(583 mg, 49%, 93% ee by the Mosher method) as a clear, colorless oil andthe S-allylic alcohol JDB4 (500 mg, 50%, 93% ee by the Mosher method onthe corresponding alcohol) as a clear, colorless oil (Dale, J. A.;Mosher, H. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 512-519; incorporated hereinby reference).

Allylic Alcohol JDB3—See above for characterization.

Allylic Acetate JDB4—

TLC (40% ethyl acetate-hexanes) R_(f)=0.50 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.45-7.35 (m, 5H, ArH), 6.28 (d, 1H, J=6.8Hz, CHOAc), 6.01 (ddd, 1H, J=17.1, 10.3, 6.8 Hz, CH₂═CH), 5.91 (s, 1H,IsoxH), 5.46 (d, 1H, J=17.1, trans-CHH═CH), 5.40 (d, 1H, J=10.3 Hz,cis-CHH═CH), 5.26 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 2.13 (s, 3H, C(O)CH₃).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 171.4, 169.6, 169.3, 135.6, 131.4, 128.6,128.5, 128.2, 120.0, 94.5, 71.6, 68.2, 20.8.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 1746 (s), 1619 (m), 1507 (s), 1451 (m), 1368 (s), 1027(m), 980 (m), 904 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₅H₁₅NO₄+H)⁺: 274.1079

Found: 274.1091.

R-Allylic Alcohol JDB5:

Solid potassium carbonate (445 mg, 3.20 mmol, 1.50 equiv) was added inone portion to a solution of allylic acetate JDB4 (583 mg, 2.14 mmol, 1equiv) in methanol (7.1 mL) at 23° C. After stirring for 17 min, thereaction mixture was partitioned between water (100 mL) and diethylether (100 mL). The layers were separated and the organic layer waswashed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (50 mL). The washed layerwas dried over sodium sulfate and the solids were filtered. The filtratewas concentrated to furnish allylic alcohol JDB5 (490 mg, 99%) as aclear, colorless oil.

See above for characterization.

Amine JDB6:

Methanesulfonyl chloride (589 μL, 7.46 mmol, 1.15 equiv) was addeddropwise via syringe to a solution of alcohol JDB5 (1.50 g, 6.49 mmol, 1equiv) and triethylamine (1.18 mL, 8.44 mmol, 1.30 equiv) indichloromethane (65 mL) at −10° C. After stirring at −10° C. for 40 min,the reaction mixture was cooled to −30° C. and a solution ofdimethylamine in tetrahydrofuran (5.30 M, 7.40 mL, 38.9 mmol, 6.00equiv) was added via syringe. The reaction mixture was allowed to warmslowly to 5° C. over 4.5 h, then was partitioned between aqueouspotassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 50 mL) and dichloromethane(100 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane(50 mL). The organic layers were combined and the combined layers werewashed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (50 mL). Thewashed solution was dried over sodium sulfate and the solids werefiltered. The filtered solution was concentrated and the residueobtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel (0.5%methanol-dichloromethane, grading to 3% methanol-dichloromethane) tofurnish the allylic amine JDB6 (1.34 g, 80%) as a clear, colorless oil.

TLC (40% acetone-hexanes) R_(f)=0.42 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.46-7.36 (m, 5H, ArH), 5.94 (m, 1H, CH₂═CH),5.81 (s, 1H, IsoxH), 5.32-5.29 (m, 2H, CHH═CH), 5.26 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar),2.27 (s, 6H, N(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 172.5, 171.6, 135.8, 134.1, 128.6, 128.5,128.3, 119.5, 93.9, 71.5, 66.3, 42.3.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 2946 (w), 2869 (w), 2827 (w), 2782 (w), 1607 (s), 1501(s), 1449 (s), 1366 (s), 1138 (w), 1036 (s), 992 (s), 926 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₂+H)⁺: 259.1446

Found: 259.1436.

Furyl Alcohol JDB7:

A solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes (2.50 M, 815 μL, 2.13 mmol, 1.10equiv) was added dropwise over 10 min to a solution of isoxazole JDB6(500 mg, 1.94 mmol, 1 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (19.4 mL) at −95° C. Theresulting yellow solution was allowed to warm to −60° C. over 20 min, atwhich point the mixture had become reddish-brown. The mixture wasstirred at −60° C. for 1 h and a solution of 3-methoxyfurfural (292 mg,2.13 mmol, 1.2 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (4.0 mL) was added dropwise viacannula. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to −50° C. over 45min. The product solution was partitioned between aqueous potassiumphosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 30 mL) and dichloromethane (75 mL).The aqueous layer was further extracted with dichloromethane (50 mL).The organic layers were combined and the combined solution was driedover sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered and the filtered solutionwas concentrated. The residue obtained was purified by flash-columnchromatography on silica gel (50% diethyl ether-pentane, grading to 75%diethyl ether-pentane) to furnish the furyl alcohol JDB7 (626 mg, 84%)as a clear, colorless oil.

TLC (60% diethyl ether-pentane) R_(f)=0.16 (UV, CAM)

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃, 1.4:1 mixture of epimers at the secondarycarbinol, * denotes minor epimer), δ:

7.33-7.25 (m, 5H, ArH), 7.33-7.25* (m, 5H, ArH), 7.14 (d, 1H, J=1.95,FurH), 7.13* (d, 1H, J=1.95, FurH), 6.25 (m, 1H, FurH), 6.25* (m, 1H,FurH), 6.23-6.10 (m, 1H, CH₂═CH), 6.23-6.10* (m, 1H, CHH═CH), 5.78 (s,1H, CHOH), 5.72* (s, 1H, CHOH), 5.41-5.37 (m, 2H, CHH═CH), 5.41-5.37*(m, 2H, CHH═CH), 5.23-5.15 (m, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 5.23-5.15* (m, 2H, OCH₂Ar),4.19* (d, 1H, J=9.8 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 4.01 (d, 1H, J=9.3 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂),3.62* (s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.60 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.32 (s, 1H, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.32*(s, 1H, CHN(CH₃)₂).

IR (neat), cm⁻¹:

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 385.1763

Found: 385.1747.

Diels-Alder Adduct JDB8:

A solution of furyl alcohol JDB7 (626 mg, 1.63 mmol, 1 equiv),triethylamine (457 μL, 3.26 mmol, 2.00 equiv) and2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (10 mg) in toluene (23.3 mL) was heatedto 115° C. in a sealed tube for 36 h. The product solution wasconcentrated and the residue obtained (a mixture of Diels-Alder adducts)was used in the subsequent step without further purification.

TLC (50% acetone-hexanes) R_(f)=0.23-0.35 (all isomers) (UV, CAM).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 385.1763

Found: 385.1767.

Ketone JDB9:

Dimethyl sulfoxide (290 μL, 4.08 mmol, 2.50 equiv) was added dropwise toa solution of oxalyl chloride (216 μL, 2.45 mmol, 1.50 equiv) indichloromethane (10 mL) at −78° C. The reaction solution was stirred for15 min and a solution of alcohol JDB8 (crude material from previousreaction, 0.177 mmol, 1 equiv) in dichloromethane (4 mL) was then addeddropwise via cannula to the cold reaction solution. The flask containingthe alcohol JDB8 was rinsed with dichloromethane (2 mL) and the rinsesolution was transferred to the reaction flask, via cannula. Thereaction solution was stirred at −78° C. for 25 min and thentriethylamine (1.14 mL, 8.15 mmol, 5.00 equiv) was added. The reactionsolution then was allowed to warm to −45° C. over 45 min and saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (5 mL) was added. The productsolution was partitioned between aqueous potassium phosphate buffer (pH7.0, 0.05 M, 20 mL) and dichloromethane (50 mL). The aqueous layer wasfurther extracted with dichloromethane (25 mL). The organic layers werecombined and the combined layers were dried over sodium sulfate. Thesolids were filtered and the filtered solution was concentrated. Theresidue obtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silicagel (30% acetone-hexanes) to furnish the ketone JDB9 (294 mg, 47% overtwo steps, single diastereomer) as a white solid.

TLC (50% acetone-hexanes) R_(f)=0.33 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.51 (d, 2H, J=6.8 Hz, ArH), 7.40-7.34 (m,3H, ArH), 5.37 (AB quartet, 2H, J=12.2 Hz, Δν=9.0 Hz, —OCH₂Ar), 5.31 (d,1H, J=2.0 Hz, C═CH), 5.05 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 2.4 Hz, C═CHCH), 3.52 (s, 3H,OCH₃), 3.46 (d, 1H, J=11.2 Hz, CH(NCH₃)₂), 2.81 (ddd, 1H, J=11.2, 9.0,4.9 Hz, CHCH(NCH₃)₂), 2.49 (s, 6H, NCH₃)₂), 2.37 (ddd, 1H, J=11.2, 9.0,4.4 Hz, CHHCHCHNCH₃)₂), 1.49 (dd, 1H, J=11.2, 4.9 Hz, CHHCHCHNCH₃)₂).

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 2944 (w), 2875 (w), 2838 (w), 2796 (w), 1710 (s), 1632(s), 1580 (s), 1505 (s), 1453 (s), 1370 (m), 1339 (m), 1308 (m), 1023(m), 949 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calc'd for (C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₅+H)⁺: 383.1607

Found: 383.1593.

Protected Enone 10:

A solution of boron tribromide in dichloromethane (1.0 M, 1.54 mL, 1.54mmol, 2.00 equiv) was added to a solution of ketone JDB9 (294 mg, 0.770mmol, 1 equiv) in dichloromethane (7.7 mL) at −78° C. The yellowreaction solution was stirred for 12 min, then was partitioned betweenaqueous potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 30 mL) anddichloromethane (50 mL). The aqueous layer was separated and furtherextracted with dichloromethane (30 mL). The organic layers were combinedand the combined layers were dried over sodium sulfate. The solids werefiltered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue obtained wasdissolved in dichloromethane (15.4 mL) and the resulting solution wascooled to 0° C. 2,6-Lutidine (382 μL, 3.48 mmol, 4.5 equiv) andtert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (444 μL, 1.93 mmol,2.5 equiv) were added sequentially to the cooled solution. The reactionsolution was stirred at 0° C. for 5 min and then the cooling bath wasremoved. The reaction solution was stirred at 23° C. for 65 min, thenwas partitioned between aqueous potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05M, 20 mL) and dichloromethane (40 mL). The aqueous layer was separatedand further extracted with dichloromethane (20 mL). The organic layerswere combined and the combined layers were dried over sodium sulfate.The solids were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residueobtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel (2.5%ethyl acetate-hexanes, grading to 7.5% ethyl acetate-hexanes) to furnishthe enone JDB10 (170 mg, 46% over two steps) as a white solid.

TLC (20% ethyl acetate-hexanes) R_(f)=0.34 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.51 (d, 2H, J=1.5 Hz, ArH), 7.50-7.34 (m,3H, ArH), 6.94 (m, 1H, ═CHCH₂), 6.10 (ddd, 1H, J=10.3, 1.5, 1.5 Hz,═CHC(O)), 5.36 (m, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.79 (d, 1H, J=10.7 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.83(m, 2H, ═CHCH₂), 2.78 (m, 1H, CHCHN(CH₃)₂), 2.46 (s, 6H, N(CH₃)₂), 0.84(s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 0.27 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.06 (s, 3H, SiCH₃).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 193.4, 187.9, 181.6, 167.7, 149.5, 135.2,128.8, 128.8, 128.8, 128.6, 108.6, 83.5, 72.8, 59.8, 48.1, 42.2, 26.3,25.8, 19.3, −2.2, −3.8.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 2942 (s), 1719 (s), 1678 (s), 1602 (m), 1510 (s), 1053(s), 733 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 483.2315

Found: 483.2321.

Example 2 Alternative Synthesis of Chiral Enone

General Experimental Procedures.

All reactions were performed in flame-dried glassware fitted with rubbersepta under a positive pressure of argon, unless otherwise noted. Air-and moisture-sensitive liquids were transferred via syringe or stainlesssteel cannula. Organic solutions were concentrated by rotary evaporation(house vacuum, ca. 25-40 Torr) at ambient temperature. Analyticalthin-layer chromatography was performed using glass plates pre-coatedwith silica gel (0.25 mm, 60 Å pore size, 230-400 mesh, Merck KGA)impregnated with a fluorescent indicator (254 nm). TLC plates werevisualized by exposure to ultraviolet light (UV), and then were stainedby submersion in aqueous ceric ammonium molybdate solution (CAM), basicaqueous potassium permanganate (KMnO₄), or an acidic solution ofp-anisaldehyde in ethanol, followed by brief heating on a hot plate(−170° C., 10-15 s). Flash-column chromatography was performed asdescribed by Still et al. (J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2923), employingsilica gel (60-Å pore size, 32-63 μm, standard grade, SorbentTechnologies).

Materials.

Commercial reagents and solvents were used with the followingexceptions. Tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane were distilled undernitrogen from sodium-benzophenone ketyl. The molarity of commercialsolutions of n-butyllithium was determined by titration against standardsolutions of diphenylacetic acid (average of three determinations)(Kofron et al., J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 1879).

Instrumentation.

Proton magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra were recorded on VarianMercury 400 (400 MHz), Varian INOVA 500 (500 MHz), or Varian INOVA 600(600 MHz) NMR spectrometers at 25° C. Proton chemical shifts areexpressed in parts per million (ppm, 8 scale) and are referenced toresidual protium in the NMR solvent (CHCl₃: δ 7.26, C₆HD₅: δ 7.15). Dataare represented as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s=singlet,d=doublet, t=triplet, q=quartet, m=multiplet, br=broad), integration,and coupling constant (J) in Hertz (Hz). Carbon nuclear magneticresonance (¹³C NMR) spectra were recorded on Varian Mercury 400 (100MHz) or Varian INOVA 500 (125 MHz) NMR spectrometers at 25° C. Carbonchemical shifts are expressed in parts per million (ppm, δ scale) andare referenced to the carbon resonance of the NMR solvent (CDCl₃: δ77.0, C6D₆: δ 128). Samples for infrared (IR) spectroscopy were preparedas neat films by evaporation of dichloromethane solutions; infraredspectra were recorded using a Perkin-Elmer 1600 FT-IR spectrophotometerand were referenced to an internal polystyrene standard. Data arerepresented as follows: frequency of absorption (cm⁻¹) and intensity ofabsorption (s=strong, m=medium, w=weak, br=broad). High-resolution massspectra were obtained at Harvard University Mass Spectrometry Facility.

Morpholinylnorephedrine (3a):

The published protocol (Pierce et al., J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63,8536-8543) for the preparation of pyrrolidinylnorephedrine fromnorephedrine and 1,4-dibromobutane was used for guidance for thisprocedure. A 500-mL, one-necked, round-bottomed flask containing aTeflon-coated magnetic stirbar was charged with (1S,2R)-norephedrine(36.2 g, 239 mmol, 1 equiv), 2-bromoethyl ether (65.7 g, 263 mmol, 1.10equiv), sodium bicarbonate (44.3 g, 527 mmol, 2.20 equiv) and toluene(191 mL), then was fitted with a reflux condensor. The system wasflushed with argon and heated at 115° C. in an oil bath for 22.5 h.After cooling to 23° C. the reaction mixture was filtered, and thefiltrate was washed with water (100 mL). The washed product solution wasthen extracted into aqueous citric acid solution (30% by weight, 2×200mL). The citric acid layers were combined, cooled in an ice-water bath,and brought to pH 13 by slow addition of aqueous sodium hydroxidesolution (6 N). The basic aqueous mixture was extracted with toluene(3×300 mL). The toluene layers were combined and washed sequentiallywith water (200 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution (300mL). The washed solution was dried over sodium sulfate and the solidswere filtered. The filtrate was concentrated (30-40 torr, bath temp 45°C.) to furnish (1S,2R)—N-morpholinylnorephedrine (49.5 g, 93%) as awhite, crystalline solid.

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.32-7.20 (m, 5H, ArH), 4.88 (d, 1H, J=3.9Hz, CHOH), 3.69 (t, 4H, J=4.88 Hz, CH₂OCH₂), 3.57 (br s, 1H, OH),2.67-2.52 (5H, m, CH₃CHNR₂, CH₂NCH₂), 0.82 (3H, d, J=6.8 Hz, CH₃).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 141.8, 128.0, 126.8, 125.8, 71.6, 67.3,64.8, 50.8, 9.7.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 3425 (bs), 2960 (m), 2908 (m), 2855 (m), 2816 (m), 1450(s), 1116 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₃H₁₃NO₃+H)⁺: 222.1494

Found: 222.1487

Divinylzinc:

A 5-L, two-necked, round-bottomed flask with a coarse fritted funnelfused at a 45° angle was equipped with a mechanical stirrer. The systemwas flame-dried, flushed with argon, and charged with a solution of zincchloride in diethyl ether (1.0 M, 1 L, 1 mol, 1 equiv). A solution ofvinylmagnesium bromide in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 2 L, 2 mol, 2 equiv)was added via cannula over 2.5 h. A gray solid precipitated throughoutthe addition. The reaction mixture was stirred at 23° C. for 2 h, andthen dioxane (600 mL) was added via cannula. The reaction mixture wasstirred at 23° C. for an additional 1 h. A 3-L, one-necked, flame-driedflask was attached to the joint at the end of the funnel and themechanical stirrer was replaced by a glass stopper. The entire apparatuswas then turned 135° to allow the reaction mixture to filter into the3-L flask to furnish a yellow solution of divinylzinc (assumed to be0.28M, 2.25 L). The divinylzinc solution could be used directly in thenext reaction, or stored at −20° C. for 2 months with no loss in yieldor enantioselectivity during the enantioselective addition describedbelow.

Tertiary Amine 5:

A.

A 12-L, Morton-style, four-necked flask was equipped with a mechanicalstirrer and a thermocouple. The system was flushed with argon andcharged with a solution of (1S,2R)-morpholinylnorephedrine (163.3 g, 738mmol, 2.00 equiv) in toluene (2.0 L). The solution was cooled to 0° C.in a dry ice-acetone bath, and then a solution of n-butyllithium inhexanes (2.50 M, 295 mL, 738 mmol, 2.00 equiv) was added via cannula.The reaction solution was stirred for an additional 30 min at 0° C.after the addition, and then a solution of divinylzinc (0.28 M, preparedas described above, 2.64 L, 738 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added via cannulaover 70 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and thenwas cooled to −75° C. by addition of dry ice to the cooling bath. Asolution of aldehyde 2 (Riess et al., Eur. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 473-47)(75 g, 369 mmol, 1 equiv) in toluene (300 mL) was added to the reactionmixture at −75° C. over 50 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at −75°C. for 40 min, and then the cooling bath was removed. After warming to−30° C., aqueous citric acid solution (30% by weight, 2 L) was added.The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 23° C. and then waspartitioned. The organic layer was washed sequentially with water (700mL) and brine (700 mL), dried over sodium sulfate, and the driedsolution was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated (30-40 torr, 45° C.bath temp) to furnish the allylic alcohol 4 (93% ee by Mosher esteranalysis (Dale, J. A.; Mosher, H. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95,512-519)) as a pale yellow oil which was used directly in the subsequentreaction without further purification. An analytical sample was preparedby flash-column chromatography on silica gel (30% ethyl acetate-hexanes)to furnish the allylic alcohol 4 as a clear, colorless oil.

B.

A 12-L, Morton-style, four-necked flask was equipped with a mechanicalstirrer and a thermocouple. The system was flushed with argon andcharged with a solution of unpurified allylic alcohol 4 (369 mmol, 1equiv) and triethylamine (67.3 mL, 480 mmol, 1.30 equiv) indichloromethane (3.7 L). The solution was cooled to −12° C. in a dryice-acetone bath, and then methanesulfonyl chloride (33.5 mL, 424 mmol,1.15 equiv) was added dropwise via syringe. After stirring at −12° C.for 30 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to −30° C. by addition ofdry ice to the cooling bath and then a solution of dimethylamine intetrahydrofuran (2.0 M, 1.1 L, 2.2 mol, 6.0 equiv) was added via cannulaover 70 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm slowly to 15° C.over 7 h, and then was concentrated to a volume of 1.5 L. The reactionmixture was partitioned between aqueous potassium phosphate buffer (pH7.0, 0.05 M, 2 L) and dichloromethane (1.5 L). The aqueous layer wasfurther extracted with dichloromethane (1 L). The organic layers werecombined and the combined layers were dried over sodium sulfate. Thesolids were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residueobtained was partitioned between diethyl ether (700 mL) and aqueoushydrochloric acid solution (1.0 M, 1 L). The hydrochloric acidextraction was cooled in an ice-water bath and brought to pH 13 by slowaddition of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (6.0 M). The basic aqueousmixture was extracted with diethyl ether (2×700 mL) and the organiclayers were combined. The combined organic layers were washed withsaturated aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate,and the dried solution was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated, andthe residue was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel(3% methanol-dichloromethane) to furnish the allylic amine 5 (76.3 g,80% over two steps) as a pale yellow oil.

Recovery of morpholinylnorephedrine (3a). The aqueous citric acid layerfrom part A was cooled in an ice-water bath and brought to pH 13 by slowaddition of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (6 N). The basic aqueousmixture was extracted with toluene (2×1.5 L). The toluene layers werecombined and washed sequentially with water (500 mL) and saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution (500 mL). The washed solution was driedover sodium sulfate and the solids were filtered. The filtrate wasconcentrated (30-40 torr, bath temp 45° C.) to furnish(1S,2R)—N-morpholinylnorephedrine (161.5 g, 99%) as a white, crystallinesolid.

Allylic Alcohol 4:

TLC (30% ethyl acetate-hexanes) R_(f)=0.25 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.43-7.34 (m, 5H, ArH), 6.04 (ddd, 1H,J=17.1, 10.3, 5.9 Hz, CH₂═CH), 5.87 (s, 1H, IsoxH), 5.46 (d, 1H, J=17.1,trans-CHH═CH), 5.34 (d, 1H, J=10.3 Hz, cis-CHH═CH), 5.24 (s, 2H,OCH₂Ar), 5.22 (t, 1H, J=5.34 Hz, CHOH), 2.25 (br s, 1H, OH).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 173.3, 171.6, 135.7, 135.3, 128.6, 128.5,128.2, 118.0, 92.9, 71.6, 68.3.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 3361 (bs), 1615 (s), 1503 (s), 1451 (s), 1364 (s) 1216(w), 1119 (w), 1036 (s), 986 (s), 932 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₃H₁₃NO₃+H)⁺: 232.0973

Found: 232.0973.

Tertiary Amine 5:

TLC (40% acetone-hexanes) R_(f)=0.42 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.46-7.36 (m, 5H, ArH), 5.94 (m, 1H, CH₂═CH),5.81 (s, 1H, IsoxH), 5.32-5.29 (m, 2H, CHH═CH), 5.26 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar),4.00 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.27 (s, 6H, N(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 172.5, 171.6, 135.8, 134.1, 128.6, 128.5,128.3, 119.5, 93.9, 71.5, 66.3, 42.3.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 2946 (w), 2869 (w), 2827 (w), 2782 (w), 1607 (s), 1501(s), 1449 (s), 1366 (s), 1138 (w), 1036 (s), 992 (s), 926 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₂+H)⁺: 259.1446

Found: 259.1436.

Diels Alder Precursors (7a and 7b):

An oven-dried, 5-L, three-necked, round-bottomed flask was equipped witha mechanical stirrer and thermocouple, and then was charged with asolution of isoxazole 5 (74.5 g, 288 mmol, 1 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran(1.44 L). The solution was cooled to −100° C. in a liquiddinitrogen-ethanol bath, and then a solution of n-butyllithium inhexanes (2.41 M, 138 mL, 332 mmol, 1.15 equiv) was added dropwise over50 min. The resulting dark-yellow solution was allowed to warm to −65°C. over 22 min, at which point the mixture had become reddish-brown. Themixture was stirred at −65° C. for 80 min and then a solution of3-methoxyfurfural (40 g, 317 mmol, 1.1 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (350mL) was added dropwise via cannula. The reaction mixture was allowed towarm to −50° C. over 50 min and then aqueous potassium phosphatesolution (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 1.5 L) was added. The product solution wasextracted with dichloromethane (1×2 L, 2×700 mL). The organic layerswere combined and the combined solution was dried over sodium sulfate.The solids were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residueobtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel (70%diethyl ether-pentane) to furnish the Diels-Alder precursors 7a and 7b(97.6 g, 88%, 1.3:1 mixture of epimers) as a pale red oil. In practice,the two epimers were not separated before use in the subsequentDiels-Alder reaction. Analytical samples of the separated epimers wereprepared by radial chromatography (50% acetone-hexanes) forcharacterization purposes.

Diels-Alder Precursor 7a:

TLC (60% diethyl ether-pentane) R_(f)=0.16 (UV, CAM)

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 8.15 (s, 1H, OH), 7.33-7.23 (m, 5H, ArH),7.13 (d, 1H, J=1.95, FurH), 6.23 (d, 1H, J=1.95, FurH), 6.23-6.10 (ddd,1H, J=17.1, 9.8, 9.8 Hz, CH₂═CH), 5.76 (s, 1H, CHOH), 5.38-5.35 (m, 2H,CHH═CH), 5.16 (AB quartet, 2H, J=12.2 Hz, Δν=8.1 Hz, —OCH₂Ar), 4.00 (d,1H, J=9.3 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 3.59 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.32 (s, 1H, CHN(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 169.1, 167.8, 144.5, 140.4, 137.9, 135.9,132.1, 128.3, 128.0, 127.5, 121.0, 107.0, 102.7, 71.1, 68.3, 58.9, 58.3,42.1.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 2875 (w), 2846 (w), 2792 (w), 1632 (m), 1511 (m), 1451(m), 1368 (m), 1106 (m), 1040 (m), 905 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 385.1763

Found: 385.1747.

Diels-Alder Precursor 7b:

TLC (60% diethyl ether-pentane) R_(f)=0.16 (UV, CAM)

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 8.09 (s, 1H, OH), 7.33-7.23 (m, 5H, ArH),7.12 (d, 1H, J=1.95, FurH), 6.25 (d, 1H, J=1.95, FurH), 6.19-6.10 (ddd,1H, J=16.9, 9.6, 9.6 Hz, CH₂═CH), 5.72 (s, 1H, CHOH), 5.41-5.37 (m, 2H,CHH═CH), 5.20 (AB quartet, 2H, J=12.2 Hz, Δν=8.1 Hz, —OCH₂Ar), 4.18 (d,1H, J=9.6 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 3.61 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.32 (s, 1H, CHN(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 169.1, 168.6, 144.2, 140.2, 138.8, 135.9,131.3, 128.3, 128.1, 127.6, 121.3, 107.3, 102.9, 71.1, 67.8, 59.1, 57.9,41.9.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 2875 (w), 2846 (w), 2792 (w), 1632 (m), 1511 (m), 1451(m), 1368 (m), 1106 (m), 1040 (m), 905 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 385.1763

Found: 385.1747

Diels-Alder Adducts (9-12):

A 5-L, two-necked, round-bottomed flask was charged with a solution ofDiels-Alder precursors 7a and 7b (97.6 g, 254 mmol, 1 equiv) and2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (200 mg) in toluene (2.54 L). Thesolution was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath and vacuum was applied (˜1torr). Gas evolution ceased after 60 min and the solution wasback-filled with argon. N,N-diisopropylethylamine (88.5 mL, 508 mmol,2.00 equiv) was added, the flask was equipped with a reflux condensorand thermometer, and the reaction mixture was warmed to 95° C. in aheating mantle. After stirring for 105 h, the reaction mixture waswarmed to 110° C. for 23 h. The product solution was cooled to 23° C.and loaded directly onto a silica gel plug (14 cm diameter, 17 cmlength). The toluene solvent was eluted with 15% acetone-hexanes andthen the mixture of Diels-Alder products were eluted by grading to 65%acetone hexanes to give a mixture which was carried on directly to theSwern oxidation (76.6 g, 78%). Analytical samples of the fourDiels-Alder products were prepared by radial chromatography (20%acetone-dichloromethane grading to 30% acetone-dichloromethane.

TLC (50% acetone-hexanes) R_(f)=0.23-0.35 (all isomers) (UV, CAM).

Endo Adduct 9:

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.48 (d, 2H, J=7.7 Hz, ArH), 7.41-7.35 (m,3H, ArH), 5.33 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 5.23 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, CH═COCH₃), 5.03(d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, CHOH), 5.00 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 2.4 Hz, CHCH═COCH₃), 3.44(s, 3H, OCH₃), 3.10 (d, 1H, J=11.2 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.82 (ddd, 1H,J=11.2, 9.3, 4.4 Hz, CHCHN(CH₃)₂), 2.48 (s, 6H, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.35 (ddd,1H, J=11.2, 9.3, 4.4 Hz, CHHCHCHN(CH₃)₂), 2.28 (d, 1H, J=2.4 Hz, OH),1.38 (dd, 1H, J=11.2, 4.4 Hz, CHHCHCHN(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 173.5, 169.5, 162.8, 135.8, 128.5, 128.5,128.4, 128.3, 108.5, 102.2, 87.4, 79.3, 71.6, 64.2, 58.9, 57.5, 41.9,34.4, 33.0.

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 385.1763

Found: 385.1752

Exo Adduct 10:

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.45 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz, ArH), 7.39-7.33 (m,3H, ArH), 5.30 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ar), 5.28 (d, 1H, J=1.9 Hz, CH═COCH₃), 5.17(s, 1H, CHOH), 4.88 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 2.0 Hz, CHCH═COCH₃), 3.79-3.77 (m,2H, OH, CHN(CH₃)₂), 3.68 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.43-2.38 (m, 7H, CHN(CH₃)₂,CHCHN(CH₃)₂), 2.24 (dd, 1H, J=11.5, 8.1 Hz, CHHCHCHN(CH₃)₂), 1.96 (ddd,1H, J=11.2, 3.9, 3.9 Hz, CHHCHCHN(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (125 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 169.9, 169.1, 166.7, 135.8, 128.5, 128.3,128.3, 106.9, 103.7, 86.7, 76.9, 71.5, 65.5, 61.4, 58.1, 43.4, 41.9,35.5.

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 385.1763

Found: 385.1776

Endo Adduct 11:

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.49 (d, 2H, J=7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.40-7.34 (m,3H, ArH), 5.36-5.31 (m, 3H, OCH₂Ar, CH═COCH₃), 5.07 (dd, 1H, J=9.0, 2.0Hz, CHOH), 4.99 (dd, 1H, J=4.1, 2.2 Hz, CHCH═COCH₃), 3.57 (s, 3H, OCH₃),3.22 (dd, 1H, J=11.2, 2.0 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.48 (s, 1H, J=9.0 Hz, OH),2.43-2.33 (m, 7H, CHN(CH₃)₂, CHCHN(CH₃)₂), 2.31 (ddd, 1H, J=11.5, 9.3,4.1 Hz, CHHCHCHN(CH₃)₂), 1.40 (dd, 1H, J=11.5, 3.9 Hz, CHHCHCHN(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 171.4, 169.3, 162.5, 135.8, 128.6, 128.5,128.4, 128.2, 108.5, 103.4, 90.0, 79.1, 71.6, 65.1, 63.7, 57.9, 41.8,41.8, 33.1.

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 385.1763

Found: 385.1755

Exo Adduct 12:

¹HNMR (500 MHz, C₆D₆), δ: 7.35 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz, ArH), 7.08 (t, 2H,J=7.8 Hz, ArH), 7.03 (t, 1H, J=7 Hz, ArH), 5.57 (dd, 1H, J=9.8, 2.0 Hz,CHOH), 5.31 (AB quartet, 2H, J=12.2 Hz, Δν=15.1 Hz, —OCH₂Ar), 4.62 (dd,1H, J=4.1, 2.0 Hz, CHCH═COCH₃), 4.59 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, CH═COCH₃), 3.52(dd, 1H, J=9.8, 2.0 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 3.02 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 2.58 (d, 1H,J=9.8 Hz, OH), 2.23 (s, 6H, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.02 (ddd, 1H, J=9.8, 7.8, 2.4Hz, CHCHN(CH₃)₂), 1.78 (ddd, 1H, J=11.6, 4.1, 2.4 Hz, CHHCHCHN(CH₃)₂),1.69 (dd, 1H, J=11.6, 7.8 Hz, CHHCHCHN(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, C₆D₆), δ: 170.5, 169.6, 164.5, 136.7, 128.6, 128.3,128.3, 107.9, 101.3, 89.1, 77.9, 71.6, 64.7, 59.4, 57.1, 42.7, 41.7,40.2.

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 385.1763

Found: 385.1751

Ketone (8):

A 5-L, three-necked, round-bottomed flask was oven-dried and flushedwith argon. The flask was equipped with a mechanical stirrer andthermocouple, and then was charged with a solution of oxalyl chloride(24.6 mL, 279 mmol, 1.40 equiv) in dichloromethane (1 L). The solutionwas cooled to −78° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath, and then a solution ofdimethyl sulfoxide (35.3 mL, 498 mmol, 2.50 equiv) in dichloromethane(500 mL) was added dropwise over 90 min. The reaction solution wasstirred for 10 min and then a solution of Diels-Alder precursors 9-12(76.6 g, 199 mmol, 1 equiv) in dichloromethane (500 mL) was addeddropwise via cannula to the cold reaction solution. The flask containing9-12 was rinsed with dichloromethane (25 mL) and the rinse solution wastransferred to the reaction flask, via cannula. The reaction solutionwas stirred at −78° C. for 25 min and then triethylamine (139 mL, 995mmol, 5.00 equiv) was added. The reaction solution then was allowed towarm to −65° C. over 80 min and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonatesolution (700 mL) was added. The product solution was partitionedbetween aqueous potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 500 mL) anddichloromethane (750 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted withdichloromethane (500 mL). The organic layers were combined and thecombined layers were dried over sodium sulfate. The solids were filteredand the filtrate was concentrated. The residue obtained was purified byflash-column chromatography on silica gel (30% acetone-hexanes, gradingto 50% acetone-hexanes) to furnish the ketone 8 (55.4 g, 73%, singlediastereomer) as a pale yellow solid. The exo product was also observedprior to chromatography, but fractions containing that product werediscarded.

TLC (50% acetone-hexanes) R_(f)=0.33 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.51 (d, 2H, J=6.8 Hz, ArH), 7.40-7.34 (m,3H, ArH), 5.37 (AB quartet, 2H, J=12.2 Hz, Δν=9.0 Hz, —OCH₂Ar), 5.31 (d,1H, J=2.0 Hz, C═CH), 5.05 (dd, 1H, J=4.4, 2.4 Hz, C═CHCH), 3.52 (s, 3H,OCH₃), 3.46 (d, 1H, J=11.2 Hz, CH(NCH₃)₂), 2.81 (ddd, 1H, J=11.2, 9.0,4.9 Hz, CHCH(NCH₃)₂), 2.49 (s, 6H, NCH₃)₂), 2.37 (ddd, 1H, J=11.2, 9.0,4.4 Hz, CHHCHCHNCH₃)₂), 1.49 (dd, 1H, J=11.2, 4.9 Hz, CHHCHCHNCH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, C₆D₆), δ: 184.5, 184.2, 167.5, 161.5, 135.1, 128.5,128.5, 128.2, 110.5, 102.3, 89.5, 79.7, 72.3, 64.6, 57.8, 44.1, 41.8,32.8.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 2944 (w), 2875 (w), 2838 (w), 2796 (w), 1710 (s), 1632(s), 1580 (s), 1505 (s), 1453 (s), 1370 (m), 1339 (m), 1308 (m), 1023(m), 949 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₅+H)⁺: 383.1607

Found: 383.1593

Enone 1:

A.

A 3-L, one-necked, round-bottomed flask was equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirbar. The system was flame-dried and flushedwith argon. The flask was charged with a solution of ketone 8 (55.4 g,145 mmol, 1 equiv) in dichloromethane (1.45 L). The solution was cooledto −40° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath and a solution of boron trichloridein dichloromethane (1.0 M, 435 mL, 435 mmol, 3.00 equiv) was added. Theyellow reaction mixture was stirred for 25 min, and then a solution ofdipotassium hydrogenphosphate (120 g) in water (1 L) was added and thecooling bath was removed. The pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to7 by addition of more dipotassium hydrogenphosphate in water. Themixture was partitioned and the aqueous layer was further extracted withdichloromethane (1 L). The organic layers were combined and the combinedlayers were dried over sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered and thefiltrate was concentrated for use directly in the subsequent silylationstep.

B.

A 3-L, one-necked, round-bottomed flask was equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirbar. The system was flame-dried and flushedwith argon. The flask was charged with a solution of the residueobtained above (step A) in dichloromethane (1.45 L). The solution wascooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. 2,6-Lutidine (33.5 mL, 305 mmol, 2.10equiv) and tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (53.3 mL,232 mmol, 1.6 equiv) were added sequentially to the cooled solution. Thereaction solution was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min and then the coolingbath was removed. The reaction solution was stirred at 23° C. for 20min, and then was partitioned between aqueous potassium phosphate buffer(pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 1 L) and dichloromethane (500 mL). The aqueous layerwas separated and further extracted with dichloromethane (500 mL). Theorganic layers were combined and the combined layers were dried oversodium sulfate. The solids were filtered and the filtrate wasconcentrated. The residue obtained was purified by flash-columnchromatography on silica gel (100% dichloromethane, grading to 2% ethylacetate-dichloromethane) to furnish the enone 1 (40.2 g, 58% over twosteps) as a light-yellow foam. The light-yellow foam was recrystallizedfrom ethyl acetate-hexanes (1:4 by volume, 250 mL total volume) to give27 g of an off-white solid (mp=150-151° C.). Further recrystallizationof the mother liquor gave 7.2 g (2^(nd) crop) and 1.9 g (3^(rd) crop).

TLC (20% ethyl acetate-hexanes) R_(f)=0.34 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.51 (d, 2H, J=1.5 Hz, ArH), 7.50-7.34 (m,3H, ArH), 6.94 (m, 1H, ═CHCH₂), 6.10 (ddd, 1H, J=10.3, 1.5, 1.5 Hz,═CHC(O)), 5.36 (m, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 3.79 (d, 1H, J=10.7 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.83(m, 2H, ═CHCH₂), 2.78 (m, 1H, CHCHN(CH₃)₂), 2.46 (s, 6H, N(CH₃)₂), 0.84(s, 9H, SiC(CH₃)₃), 0.27 (s, 3H, SiCH₃), 0.06 (s, 3H, SiCH₃).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 193.4, 187.9, 181.6, 167.7, 149.5, 135.2,128.8, 128.8, 128.8, 128.6, 108.6, 83.5, 72.8, 59.8, 48.1, 42.2, 26.3,25.8, 19.3, −2.2, −3.8.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 2942 (s), 1719 (s), 1678 (s), 1602 (m), 1510 (s), 1053(s), 733 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 483.2315

Found: 483.2310

3-Methoxyfurfural (6):

A 3-L, one-necked, round-bottomed flask was equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirbar. The system was flame-dried and flushedwith argon. The flask was charged with a solution ofN,N-dimethylformamide (31.9 mL, 413 mmol, 1.35 equiv) in dichloromethane(1.2 L). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath, andthen oxalyl chloride (32.5 mL, 367 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was added over 16min. Vigorous bubbling occurred and a white solid precipitated. Afterstirring for 20 min, the reaction mixture was cooled to −40° C. byaddition of dry ice to the cooling bath and a solution of 3-methoxyfuran(Meister, C.; Scharf, H.-D. Synthesis 1981, 737-739) (30 g, 306 mmol, 1equiv) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was added via cannula. A dark-browncolor formed during the addition. After stirring for 20 min, the coolingbath was removed and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (1.5L) was added. The biphasic mixture was stirred vigorously for 6 hours,and then was partitioned. The aqueous layer was further extracted withdichloromethane (2×800 mL). The organic layers were combined and thecombined layers were dried over sodium sulfate. The solids were filteredand the filtrate was concentrated. The residue obtained was purified byflash-column chromatography on silica gel (100% diethyl ether) tofurnish 3-methoxyfurfural 6 (21.2 g, 55%) as a light-yellow solid.

TLC (30% ethyl acetate-hexanes) R_(f)=0.14 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 9.5 (s, 1H, HC═O), 7.45 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz,FurH), 6.35 (d, 1H, J=2.0 Hz, FurH), 3.86 (s, 3H, OCH₃).

¹³CNMR (100 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 173.9, 158.6, 148.2, 137.4, 102.3, 58.9.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 3131 (w), 2945 (w), 2838 (w), 2808 (w), 1653 (s), 1586(s), 1469 (s), 1426 (s), 1364 (s), 1269 (s), 1109 (s), 988 (m).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₅+H)⁺: 127.0935

Found: 127.0936

Iodide (13):

A 200-mL, one-necked, round-bottomed flask was equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirbar and flame-dried. The flask was chargedwith a solution of isoxazole 5 (2.00 g, 7.75 mmol, 1 equiv) intetrahydrofuran (52 mL). The solution was cooled to −100° C. in a liquiddinitrogen-ethanol bath, and then a solution of n-butyllithium inhexanes (2.50 M, 3.56 mL, 8.91 mmol, 1.15 equiv) was added dropwise over9 min. The reaction solution was warmed to −65° C. over 15 min. Themixture was stirred at −65° C. for 60 min and then a solution of iodine(2.56 g, 10.1 mmol, 1.30 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (25 mL) was added viacannula. The reaction solution was stirred at −65° C. for 15 min, andthen the cooling bath was removed. The product solution was partitionedbetween aqueous potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 25 mL),saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (25 mL), and ethyl acetate(150 mL). The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodiumchloride solution and the washed solution was dried over sodium sulfate.The solids were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residueobtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel (40%ethyl acetate-hexanes) to furnish the iodide 13 (1.97 g, 66%) as a paleyellow solid.

TLC (40% ethyl acetate-hexanes) R_(f)=0.32 (UV, CAM).

¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.47 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz, ArH), 7.42-7.36 (m,3H, ArH), 6.03 (ddd, 1H, J=17.6, 10.3, 7.8 Hz, CH₂═CH), 5.34-5.27 (m,4H, CHH═CH, OCH₂Ar), 4.06 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.29 (s, 6H,N(CH₃)₂).

¹³CNMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆), δ: 171.7, 170.9, 135.7, 134.4, 128.8, 128.7,128.3, 119.7, 72.2, 66.8, 43.2.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 3033 (w), 2981 (m), 2949 (m), 2866 (m), 2824 (m), 2779(m), 1596 (s), 1508 (s), 1455 (s), 1437 (s), 1361 (s), 1254 (m), 1088(s).

Diels Alder Precursors (7a and 7b):

A 5-mL, one-necked, round-bottomed flask was equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirbar flame-dried. The flask was charged with asolution of iodide 13 (49 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran(850 μL). The solution was cooled to −20° C. in a dry ice-acetone bath,and then a solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride in tetrahydrofuran(2.0 M, 96 μL, 0.19 mmol, 1.5 equiv) was added dropwise. The resultingpale-yellow solution was stirred for 40 min, and then a solution of3-methoxyfurfural (27 mg, 0.22 mmol, 1.7 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (450μL) was added dropwise via cannula. The reaction mixture was stirred for5 min, and then aqueous potassium phosphate solution (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 4mL) was added. The product solution was extracted with dichloromethane(2×10 mL). The organic layers were combined and the combined solutionwas dried over sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered and the filtratewas concentrated. The residue obtained was purified by flash-columnchromatography on silica gel (70% diethyl ether-pentane) to furnish theDiels-Alder precursors 7a and 7b (41 mg, 84%, 1.8:1 mixture of epimers)as a pale yellow oil. See above for characterization.

Example 3 Synthesis of Bromo-Isoxazole and its Use in Fragment CouplingReaction Using Magnesium-Halogen Exchange

The synthetic route to the furan Diels-Alder precursor was furtherdeveloped in order to avoid the low-temperature metalation couplingreaction. Preliminary studies indicated that an aryl iodide couldundergo a magnesium-halogen exchange reaction at −20° C., which is quitereasonable for a large scale production of the Diels-Alder precursor. Wefound that a bromine atom could be introduced onto the isoxazole ring byelectrophilic bromination at an early stage as shown in the schemebelow:

As shown in the scheme, the brominated aldehyde was subjected toenantioselective addition of the vinyl moiety using divinyl zinc and achiral aminoalkoxide. This reaction gave the allylic alcohol inquantitative yield and >95% ee. The mesylation/displacement sequencethat had worked well with the desbromo allylic alcohol worked well usingadditives such as methanol or trifluoroethanol. These additives arethought to attentuate the basicity of dimethylamine while still allowingit to act as a nucleophile. For example, two equivalents oftrifluoroethnaol completely suppressed the formation of the undesiredvinyl mesylate, but this suppression was accompanied by an increase inthe formation of the linear amine. The transformation as shown in thescheme below was eventually accomplished in 65% yield by treating themesylate of bromo allylic alcohol with dimethylamine and a 1.1-foldexcess of trifluoroethanol at −30° C. for 3 days to furnish the desiredallylic amine.

Fragment coupling of the bromo allylic amine and 3-methoxyfurfural wasperformed by treatment of the bromo allylic amine with iso-PrMgCl(Wakefield, B. J. Preparation of Organomagnesium Compounds. InOrganomagnesium Compounds in Organic Synthesis; Academic Press, Inc.:San Diego, 1995 pp 51-59; Boudier, A.; Bromm, L. O.; Lotz, M.; Knochel,P. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39, 4414-4435) at 0° C. followedby addition of 3-methoxyfurfural, giving a mixture of Diels-Alderprecursors (1.4:1 mixture, epimeric at the secondary carbinol) in 99%yield as shown in the scheme below.

Experimentals Bromoalcohol (210)

A 100-mL, single-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was flame-dried, then flushed withargon. The flask was charged with a solution of alcohol 209 (2.00 g,9.75 mmol, 1 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (19.5 mL). The solution wascooled to 0° C. in an ice-water bath, then bromine (1.00 mL, 19.5 mmol,2.00 equiv) was added dropwise. The resulting pale-red solution wasstirred for 5 h, then an additional portion of bromine (200 μL, 3.89mmol, 0.400 equiv) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirredfor 60 min, then saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate (15 mL) was added.The product solution was partitioned between ethyl acetate (75 mL) andaqueous potassium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 20 mL). Theaqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The organiclayers were combined and the combined solution was washed with saturatedaqueous sodium chloride solution (50 mL). The washed solution was driedover sodium sulfate, the solids were filtered, and the filtrate wasconcentrated. The residue obtained was purified by flash-columnchromatography on silica gel (30% ethyl acetate-hexanes) to furnish thebromide 210 (2.30 g, 83%) as a white, crystalline solid.

TLC (40% ethyl acetate-hexanes): R_(f)=0.33 (UV, CAM).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.47 (d, 2H, J=7.8 Hz, ArH), 7.41-7.36 (m,3H, ArH), 5.33 (s, 2H, OCH₂Ph), 4.68 (d, 2H, J=6.9 Hz, ArCH₂OH), 2.13(t, 1H, J=6.7 Hz, OH).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆), δ: 168.6, 167.9, 135.1, 128.6, 128.6, 128.2,83.9, 72.1, 55.3.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 3377 (bs), 3034 (w), 2935 (w), 1620 (m), 1520 (s), 1453(s), 1360 (s), 1273 (w), 1211 (w), 1106 (s), 1019 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₁H₁₀BrNO₃+H)⁺: 283.9922

Found: 283.9933

Bromoaldehyde (211):

A 500-mL, single-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was flame-dried, then flushed withargon. The flask was charged with a solution of alcohol 210 (4.30 g,15.1 mmol, 1 equiv) in dichloromethane (151 mL). Saturated aqueoussodium bicarbonate solution (75 mL), potassium bromide (1.74 g, 14.7mmol, 0.97 equiv), the stable free radical2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (212 mg, 1.36 mmol, 0.090 equiv)were added sequentially to the reaction mixture at 23° C. Aqueous sodiumhypochlorite solution (21.8 mL, 0.83 M, 18.1 mmol, 1.2 equiv) was thenadded to the biphasic mixture. The red biphasic mixture was stirred for15 min, then saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (75 mL) wasadded. The product solution was partitioned and the aqueous layer wasfurther extracted with dichloromethane (150 mL). The organic layers werecombined and the combined solution was dried over sodium sulfate. Thesolids were filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residueobtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel (25%ethyl acetate-hexanes) to furnish the aldehyde 211 (4.19 g, 98%) as awhite, crystalline solid.

TLC (40% ethyl acetate-hexanes): R_(f)=0.44 (UV, CAM).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 9.85 (s, 1H, ArCHO), 7.48 (d, 2H, J=7.1 Hz,ArH), 7.42-7.40 (m, 3H, ArH), 5.40 (s, 2H, ArOCH₂Ph).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆), δ: 177.1, 169.0, 160.6, 134.5, 128.9, 128.7,128.4, 92.7, 72.9.

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 1703 (s), 1590 (w), 1514 (s), 1453 (m), 1361 (m), 1275(m), 1213 (w), 1109 (s), 936 (w).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₁H₈BrNO₃+H)⁺:

Found:

Bromoallylic Alcohol (212):

A 100-mL, single-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was flame-dried, then flushed withargon. The flask was charged with a solution of(1S,2R)-2-morpholin-4-yl-1-phenylpropanol (1.18 g, 5.31 mmol, 2.00equiv) in toluene (17.7 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. in anacetone bath, and a solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes (2.50 M, 2.10mL, 5.31 mmol, 2.00 equiv) was added to the cooled solution via syringe.The reaction solution was stirred for an additional 30 min at 0° C.after the addition, and then a solution of divinylzinc (0.28 M, preparedas described above, 19.0 mL, 5.31 mmol, 2.0 equiv) was added via syringeover 5 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, then wascooled to an internal temperature of −75° C. by addition of dry ice tothe cooling bath. A solution of aldehyde 211 (750 mg, 2.65 mmol, 1equiv) in toluene (3.5 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at −75° C.over 5 min via cannula. The reaction mixture was stirred at −75° C. for50 min, and the cooling bath was removed. When the reaction mixture hadwarmed to −30° C., aqueous citric acid solution (30% by weight, 40 mL)was added. The biphasic mixture was allowed to warm to 23° C. anddiluted with ethyl acetate (50 mL). The layers were separated, and theorganic layer was washed sequentially with water (700 mL) and brine (700mL). The washed solution was dried over sodium sulfate, and the driedsolution was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residueobtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel (20%ethyl acetate-hexanes) to furnish the allylic alcohol 212 (804 mg, 98%,95% ee by Mosher ester analysis) as a clear, colorless oil.

TLC (20% ethyl acetate-hexanes): R_(f)=0.28 (UV, CAM).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.46 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz, ArH), 7.42-7.36 (m,3H, ArH), 6.09 (ddd, 1H, J=16.6, 10.3, 5.9 Hz, CH₂═CH), 5.46 (d, 1H,J=17.1, trans-CHH═CH), 5.35 (d, 1H, J=10.7 Hz, cis-CHH═CH), 5.32-5.30(m, 3H, OCH₂Ar, CHOH), 2.58 (d, 1H, OH).

¹³C NMR (125 MHz, C₆D₆), δ: 168.6, 168.2, 135.1, 134.1, 128.6, 128.6,128.2, 118.4, 82.8, 72.1, 67.6.

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₃H₁₂BrNO₃+H)⁺: 310.0073

Found: 310.0076

Allylic Amine (213):

A 10-mL, single-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was flame-dried, then flushed withargon. The flask was charged with a solution of alcohol 212 (128 mg,0.413 mmol, 1 equiv) in dichloromethane (1.37 mL). The solution wascooled to −15° C. and triethylamine (81 μL, 0.58 mmol, 1.4 equiv) andmethanesulfonyl chloride (39 μL, 0.50 mmol, 1.2 equiv) were addedsequentially. The reaction mixture was stirred at −15° C. for 15 min,then was cooled to −45° C. 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (281 μL, 3.72 mmol,9.00 equiv) and a solution of dimethylamine (3.6 M in CH₂Cl₂, 800 μL,2.9 mmol, 7.0 equiv) were added sequentially and the reaction mixturewas stirred at −30° C. for 92 h. The product solution was warmed to 23°C. and partitioned between dichloromethane (15 mL) and aqueous potassiumphosphate solution (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 5 mL). The aqueous layer was furtherextracted with dichloromethane (10 mL) and the organic layers werecombined. The combined layers were dried over sodium sulfate, and thedried solution was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and theresidue obtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silicagel (1.5% methanol-dichloromethane) to furnish the allylic amine 213 (90mg, 65%) as a clear, colorless oil.

TLC (40% ethyl acetate-hexanes): R_(f)=0.44 (UV, CAM).

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃), δ: 7.47 (d, 2H, J=7.0 Hz, ArH), 7.42-7.36 (m,3H, ArH), 6.04 (ddd, 1H, J=18.0, 10.3, 7.8 Hz, CH₂═CH), 5.34-5.28 (m,4H, CHH═CH, OCH₂Ar), 4.08 (d, 1H, J=7.8 Hz, CHN(CH₃)₂), 2.29 (s, 6H,N(CH₃)₂).

IR (neat), cm⁻¹: 3089 (w), 3067 (w), 2981 (m), 2949 (m), 2868 (m), 2824(m), 2779 (m), 1610 (m), 1517 (s), 1517 (s), 1446 (s), 1363 (s), 1258(m), 1102 (s), 1028 (m), 940 (s).

HRMS (ESI): Calcd for (C₁₅H₁₇BrN₂O₂+H)⁺: 337.0546

Found: 337.0543

Diels Alder Precursors 182

A 5-mL, single-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with aTeflon-coated magnetic stirring bar was flame-dried, then flushed withargon. The flask was charged with a solution of bromide 213 (61 mg, 0.18mmol, 1 equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (904 μL). The solution was cooled to0° C. in an ice-water bath, then a solution of isopropylmagnesiumchloride in tetrahydrofuran (2.0 M, 180 μL, 0.36 mmol, 2.0 equiv) wasadded dropwise. The resulting pale-yellow solution was stirred for 32min, then a solution of 3-methoxyfurfural (45.5 mg, 0.361 mmol, 2.0equiv) in tetrahydrofuran (600 μL) was added dropwise via cannula. Thereaction mixture was stirred for 5 min, then aqueous potassium phosphatesolution (pH 7.0, 0.05 M, 3 mL) was added. The product solution wasextracted with dichloromethane (2×10 mL). The organic layers werecombined and the combined solution was dried over sodium sulfate. Thesolids were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residueobtained was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel (70%ethyl ether-pentane) to furnish the Diels-Alder precursors 182 (69 mg,99%, 1.4:1 mixture of epimers) as a pale yellow oil. The productprovided spectroscopic data identical to those presented above save fordifferences attributable to the varying ratio of product diastereomers.

Other Embodiments

The foregoing has been a description of certain non-limiting preferredembodiments of the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that various changes and modifications to this descriptionmay be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the presentinvention, as defined in the following claims.

1-102. (canceled)
 103. A method of preparing a tetracycline of formula:

or a salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof; wherein: R₁ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; —OR_(A); —C(═O)R_(A); —CO₂R_(A); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(A); —SOR_(A); —SO₂R_(A); —NO₂; —N(R_(A))₂; —NHC(O)R_(A); or —C(R_(A))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(A) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; R₂ is hydrogen; R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; —OR_(C); ═O (taken with R₄); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SOR_(C); —SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); ═O (taken with R₃); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D); —SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(D) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; R₅ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted; —OR_(E); —C(═O)R_(E); —CO₂R_(E); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(E); —SOR_(E); —SO₂R_(E); —NO₂; —N(R_(E))₂; —NHC(O)R_(E); or —C(R_(E))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(E) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; R₇ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; —OR_(G); —C(═O)R_(G); —CO₂R_(G); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(G); —SOR_(G); —SO₂R_(G); —NO₂; —N(R_(G))₂; —NHC(O)R_(G); or —C(R_(G))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(G) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; and n is an integer in the range of 0 to 3, inclusive; the method comprising the steps of: providing a ketone of formula (VII):

or a salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof; wherein: R₆ is hydrogen; and P is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group; and P′ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, acyl, or an oxygen-protecting group; deprotecting the enolate of the ketone (VII) under suitable conditions to result in a rearrangement to yield an enone of formula (VIII):

or a salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof; protecting the hydroxyl group of the enone of formula (VIII) to yield an enone of formula (IX):

or a salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein P″ is an oxygen-protecting group; deprotonating a toluate of formula:

under basic conditions to provide an anion of the toluate; wherein: R₉ is —OR_(I); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(I); or —N(R_(I))₂; wherein each occurrence of R_(I) is independently a hydrogen, a protecting group; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; or substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; and P′″ is hydrogen, C₁-C₆ alkyl, acyl, or an oxygen-protecting group; reacting the anion of the toluate with the enone (IX) to form the product of formula:

or a salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof; and deprotecting the product to yield a tetracycline of formula:

or a salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof.
 104. The method of claim 103, wherein R₁ is hydrogen.
 105. The method of claim 103, wherein R₃ and R₄ are hydrogen.
 106. The method of claim 103, wherein R₅ is —N(R_(E))₂.
 107. The method of claim 106, wherein R₅ is —N(CH₃)₂.
 108. The method of claim 103, wherein n is not 0, and at least one instance of R₇ is halogen.
 109. The method of claim 103, wherein n is not 0, and at least one instance of R₇ is —NHC(O)R_(G).
 110. The method of claim 103, wherein n is not 0, and at least one instance of R₇ is —OR_(G).
 111. The method of claim 103, wherein n is not 0, and at least one instance of R₇ is cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic.
 112. The method of claim 103, wherein deprotecting the enolate of the ketone (VII) under suitable conditions comprises use of BBr₃ or BCl₃.
 113. A method of resolving enantiomers of Formula (II):

wherein: R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; —OR_(C); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C); —SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D); —SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(D) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; and P is hydrogen or an oxygen-protecting group; the method comprising the steps of: reacting the alcohol of Formula (II) with a lipase under suitable conditions to selectively acetylate the hydroxyl group of one enantiomer of the alcohol; and optionally separating the acetylated alcohol from the non-acetylated alcohol.
 114. The method of claim 113, wherein the lipase is Amano Lipase AK.
 115. The method of claim 113, wherein the suitable conditions comprise the presence of vinyl acetate.
 116. A method of preparing a compound of Formula (II):

wherein: R₃ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted aryl; substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; —OR_(C); —C(═O)R_(C); —CO₂R_(C); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(C); —SOR_(C); —SO₂R_(C); —NO₂; —N(R_(C))₂; —NHC(O)R_(C); or —C(R_(C))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(C) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; R₄ is hydrogen; halogen; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aliphatic; cyclic or acyclic, substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaliphatic; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched acyl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched aryl; substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched heteroaryl; —OR_(D); —C(═O)R_(D); —CO₂R_(D); —CN; —SCN; —SR_(D); —SOR_(D); —SO₂R_(D); —NO₂; —N(R_(D))₂; —NHC(O)R_(D); or —C(R_(D))₃; wherein each occurrence of R_(D) is independently hydrogen, a protecting group, aliphatic, heteroaliphatic, acyl; aryl; heteroaryl; alkoxy; aryloxy; alkylthio; arylthio; amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, heteroaryloxy; or heteroarylthio; and P is hydrogen and an oxygen-protecting group; the method comprising reducing an aldehyde of Formula (I):

with a substituted or unsubstituted vinyl reagent under suitable conditions to yield an alcohol of Formula (II):


117. The method of claim 116, wherein the vinyl reagent is a metal vinyl reagent.
 118. The method of claim 116, wherein the vinyl reagent is 